Glucose metabolism and α-keto-acids in rat brain and liver in vivo

Glucose metabolism and α-keto-acids in rat brain and liver in vivo

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ABSTRACT GLUCOSE is the major substrate for the brain1,2, which utilizes a very high proportion of the bodily glucose requirement3. Whittam4 has calculated that about 40 per cent of the energy produced from glucose metabolism in the brain is required for ion transport mechanisms important in maintaining the physiological function of the tissue. Over the past few years a number of workers5–8 have demonstrated the high rate of incorporation of carbon-14 from glucose into brain amino-acids, particularly glutamic acid. It has been suggested6 that the amino-acids have a special role as intermediates in the brain; that their formation and oxidation constitute a major pathway of glucose metabolism in the brain. However, the characteristically high concentration of free glutamate in the brain, in contrast to other tissues, renders methods of investigations which are based on the labelling of the amino-acid pools, rather than specific activity measurements on individual amino-acids isolated from the tissues, rather inconclusive. As has been suggested9, such results could be due to quantitative differences in glycolysis and transamination reactions between the brain and the liver. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online access $199.00 per year only $3.90 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS TRACING THE LACTATE SHUTTLE TO THE MITOCHONDRIAL RETICULUM Article Open access 08 September 2022 THE TWO-CELL MODEL OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM: A HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Article Open access 05 January 2021 CIRCULATING METABOLITE HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED THROUGH MASS ACTION Article 20 January 2022 REFERENCES * Himwich, H. E., _Brain Metabolism and Cerebral Disorders_ (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1951). Google Scholar  * McIlwain, H., _Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System_, second ed. (Churchill, London, 1959). Google Scholar  * Kety, S. S., _Metabolism of the Nervous System_, edit. by Richter, D., 223 (Pergamon Press, 1957). Google Scholar  * Whittam, R., _Nature_, 191, 603 (1961). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Roberts, R. B., Flexner, J. B., and Flexner, L. B., _J. Neurochem._, 4, 78 (1959). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Vrba, R., _Nature_, 195, 663 (1962); Vrba, R., Gaitonde, M. K., and Richter, D., _J. Neurochem._, 9, 465 (1962). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Chain, E. B., Cohen, M. M., and Pocchiari, F., _Proc. Roy. Soc._, B, 156, 163 (1962). Cohen, M. M., Simon, G. R., Berry, J. F., and Chain, E. B., _Biochem. J._, 84, 43P (1962). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Geiger, A., _Physiol. Rev._, 38, I (1958). Geiger, A., Kawakita, Y., and Barkulis, S. S., _J. Neurochem._, 5, 323 (1960). Article  Google Scholar  * Haslam, R. J., and Krebs, H. A., _Biochem. J._, 88, 566 (1963). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Krebs, H. A., Eggleston, L. V., _Biochem. J._, 44, 2 (1949). Tsukada, Y., Nagata, Y., Hirano, S., and Matsutani, T., _J. Neurochem._, 10, 241 (1963). Article  Google Scholar  * Bachelard, H. S., Campbell, W. J., and McIlwain, H., _Biochem. J._, 84, 225 (1962). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neish, W. J. P., _Rec. trav. chim._, 72, 105 (1953). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neish, W. J. P., _Meth. Biochem. Anal._, 5, 107 (1957). CAS  Google Scholar  * Bachelard, H. S., _Anal. Biochem._ (in the press). * Bonting, S. L., _Arch. Biochem._, 58, 100 (1955). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Patrick, S. J., _Canad. J. Biochem. and Physiol._, 41, 1163 (1963). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gey, K. F., _Biochem. J._, 64, 145 (1956). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Huggett, A. St. G., and Nixon, D. A., _Lancet_, ii, 368 (1957). Washko, M. E., and Rice, E. W., _Clin. Chem._, 7, 542 (1961). Article  Google Scholar  * Bruno, G. A., and Christian, J. E., _Anal. Chem._, 33, 1216 (1961). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia H. S. BACHELARD Authors * H. S. BACHELARD View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE BACHELARD, H. Glucose Metabolism and α-Keto-acids in Rat Brain and Liver _in vivo_. _Nature_ 205, 903–904 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1038/205903a0 Download citation * Issue Date: 27 February 1965 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/205903a0 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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ABSTRACT GLUCOSE is the major substrate for the brain1,2, which utilizes a very high proportion of the bodily glucose requirement3. Whittam4 has calculated that about 40 per cent of the


energy produced from glucose metabolism in the brain is required for ion transport mechanisms important in maintaining the physiological function of the tissue. Over the past few years a


number of workers5–8 have demonstrated the high rate of incorporation of carbon-14 from glucose into brain amino-acids, particularly glutamic acid. It has been suggested6 that the


amino-acids have a special role as intermediates in the brain; that their formation and oxidation constitute a major pathway of glucose metabolism in the brain. However, the


characteristically high concentration of free glutamate in the brain, in contrast to other tissues, renders methods of investigations which are based on the labelling of the amino-acid


pools, rather than specific activity measurements on individual amino-acids isolated from the tissues, rather inconclusive. As has been suggested9, such results could be due to quantitative


differences in glycolysis and transamination reactions between the brain and the liver. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via


your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online access $199.00 per year only $3.90 per issue Learn more Buy this


article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in


* Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS TRACING THE LACTATE SHUTTLE TO THE MITOCHONDRIAL RETICULUM


Article Open access 08 September 2022 THE TWO-CELL MODEL OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM: A HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Article Open access 05 January 2021 CIRCULATING METABOLITE HOMEOSTASIS ACHIEVED


THROUGH MASS ACTION Article 20 January 2022 REFERENCES * Himwich, H. E., _Brain Metabolism and Cerebral Disorders_ (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1951). Google Scholar  * McIlwain, H.,


_Biochemistry and the Central Nervous System_, second ed. (Churchill, London, 1959). Google Scholar  * Kety, S. S., _Metabolism of the Nervous System_, edit. by Richter, D., 223 (Pergamon


Press, 1957). Google Scholar  * Whittam, R., _Nature_, 191, 603 (1961). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Roberts, R. B., Flexner, J. B., and Flexner, L. B., _J. Neurochem._, 4, 78


(1959). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Vrba, R., _Nature_, 195, 663 (1962); Vrba, R., Gaitonde, M. K., and Richter, D., _J. Neurochem._, 9, 465 (1962). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Chain, E. B., Cohen, M. M., and Pocchiari, F., _Proc. Roy. Soc._, B, 156, 163 (1962). Cohen, M. M., Simon, G. R., Berry, J. F., and Chain, E. B., _Biochem. J._, 84, 43P (1962). Article  ADS


  CAS  Google Scholar  * Geiger, A., _Physiol. Rev._, 38, I (1958). Geiger, A., Kawakita, Y., and Barkulis, S. S., _J. Neurochem._, 5, 323 (1960). Article  Google Scholar  * Haslam, R. J.,


and Krebs, H. A., _Biochem. J._, 88, 566 (1963). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Krebs, H. A., Eggleston, L. V., _Biochem. J._, 44, 2 (1949). Tsukada, Y., Nagata, Y., Hirano, S., and


Matsutani, T., _J. Neurochem._, 10, 241 (1963). Article  Google Scholar  * Bachelard, H. S., Campbell, W. J., and McIlwain, H., _Biochem. J._, 84, 225 (1962). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Neish, W. J. P., _Rec. trav. chim._, 72, 105 (1953). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neish, W. J. P., _Meth. Biochem. Anal._, 5, 107 (1957). CAS  Google Scholar  * Bachelard, H. S., _Anal.


Biochem._ (in the press). * Bonting, S. L., _Arch. Biochem._, 58, 100 (1955). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Patrick, S. J., _Canad. J. Biochem. and Physiol._, 41, 1163 (1963). Article  CAS


  Google Scholar  * Gey, K. F., _Biochem. J._, 64, 145 (1956). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Huggett, A. St. G., and Nixon, D. A., _Lancet_, ii, 368 (1957). Washko, M. E., and Rice, E. W.,


_Clin. Chem._, 7, 542 (1961). Article  Google Scholar  * Bruno, G. A., and Christian, J. E., _Anal. Chem._, 33, 1216 (1961). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR


INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Biochemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia H. S. BACHELARD Authors * H. S. BACHELARD View author publications You can


also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE BACHELARD, H. Glucose Metabolism and α-Keto-acids in


Rat Brain and Liver _in vivo_. _Nature_ 205, 903–904 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1038/205903a0 Download citation * Issue Date: 27 February 1965 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/205903a0 SHARE


THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to


clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative