Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic

Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic

Play all audios:

Loading...

ABSTRACT Tobacco is the world's single most avoidable cause of death. The World Health Organization has calculated that the 5.6 trillion cigarettes smoked per year at the close of the


twentieth century will cause nearly 10 million fatalities per year by 2030. Lung cancer is the most common tobacco-related cause of cancer mortality, with one case being produced for every 3


million cigarettes smoked. How was the global lung cancer epidemic recognized, and what can we expect in the future? Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of


subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only


$17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout


ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support REFERENCES * Bejach, E. _Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung in


Deutschland mit Berücksichtigung der ausserdeutschen Tabakgegnerbewegungen_ 3–4 Thesis, University of Berlin (1927). Google Scholar  * Kluger, R. _Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred–Year


Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris_ 13 (Knopf, New York, 1996). Google Scholar  * Swoger, K. Report says smoking has benefits. _Prague Post Online_


(June 27, 2001). * Hill, J. _Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff_ 27–38 (Baldwin & Jackson, London, 1761). Google Scholar  * Soemmerring, S. T. _De Morbis Vasorum Absorbentium


Corporis Humani_ 109 (Varrentrapp and Wenner, Frankfurt, 1795). Google Scholar  * Proctor, R. N. _Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know About Cancer_ (Basic


Books, New York, 1995). Google Scholar  * Bouisson, E.-F. _Tribut à la Chirurgie_ 1259–1303 (Baillière, Paris, 1858). Google Scholar  * Virchow, R. L. _Die Krankhaften Geschwülste_


(Hirschwald, Berlin, 1863–1867). * Tiedemann, F. _Geschichte des Tabaks_ 371 (Brönner, Frankfurt, 1854). Google Scholar  * Kaminsky, M. _Ein Primäres Lungencarcinom mit Verhornten


Plattenepithelien_. Thesis, University of Greifswald (1898). Google Scholar  * Adler, I. _Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi_ 14 (Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1912). Book


  Google Scholar  * Proctor, R. N. The Nazi war on tobacco: ideology, evidence, and possible cancer consequences. _Bull. Hist. Med._ 71, 435–488 (1997). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Rottmann, H. _Über Primäre Lungencarcinome_ 29, 52 Thesis, University of Würzberg (1898). Google Scholar  * Lickint, F. Tabak und Tabakrauch als ätiologischer Factor des Carcinoms.


_Zeitschr. Krebsforsch._ 30, 349–365 (1929). Article  Google Scholar  * Schairer, E. & Schöniger, E. Lungenkrebs und Tabakverbrauch. _Zeitschr. Krebsforsch._ 54, 261–269 (1943). Article


  Google Scholar  * Davey Smith, G., Ströbele, S. A., Egger, M. Smoking and health promotion in Nazi Germany. _J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health_ 48, 220–223 (1994). Article  Google Scholar  *


Syrek, A. Zur Häufigkeitszunahme des Lungenkrebses. _Zeitschr. Krebsforsch._ 36, 409–415 (1932). Article  Google Scholar  * Ostertag, B. Krebsbekämpfung–Krebsbehandlung. _Medizinische


Klinik_ 38, 278–281 (1942). Google Scholar  * Doll, R. Lung cancer and tobacco consumption. _Int. J. Epidemiol._ 30, 30–31 (2001). Article  Google Scholar  * Wynder, E. L. & Graham, E.


A. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. _JAMA_ 143, 329–336 (1950). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Doll, R. & Hill, A. B. Smoking and carcinoma of


the lung. Preliminary report. _Br. Med. J._ 2, 739–748 (1950). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Schrek, R., Baker, L. A., Ballard, G. P. & Dolgoff, S. Tobacco smoking as an etiologic


factor of disease. _Cancer Res._ 10, 49–58 (1950). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Levin, M. L., Goldstein, H. & Gerhardt, P. R. Cancer and tobacco smoking. A preliminary report. _JAMA_


143, 336–338 (1950). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mills, C. A. & Porter, M. M. Tobacco smoking habits and cancer of the mouth and respiratory system. _Cancer Res._ 10, 539–542 (1950).


CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Wynder, E. L., Graham, E. A. & Croninger, A. B. Experimental production of carcinoma with cigarette tar. _Cancer Res._ 13, 855–864 (1953). CAS  PubMed 


Google Scholar  * Hammond, E. C. & Horn, D. Smoking and death rates: report on forty-four months of follow-up of 187,783 men. _JAMA_ 166, 1159–1172 (1958). Article  CAS  Google Scholar 


* Doll, R. & Hill, A. B. Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking. _Br. Med. J._ 2, 1071–1081 (1956). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley,


K., Gray, R. & Sutherland, I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors. _Br. Med. J._ 309, 901–911 (1994). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Medical Research Council. Tobacco, smoking and cancer of the lung. _Br. Med. J._ 1, 1523–1524 (1957). * Royal College of Physicians of London. _Smoking and Health_ (Pitman Medical, London,


1962). * USPHS. _Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service_ 31 (US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1964). * Philip


Morris Company. _Annual Report_, 1997. * Glantz, S., et al. _The Cigarette Papers_ (Univ. California Press, Berkeley, 1996). Google Scholar  * Auerbach, O., Hammond, E. D., Kirmian, D. &


Garfinkel, L. Effects of cigarette smoking on dogs II. Pulmonary neoplasms. _Arch. Environ. Health_ 21, 754–768 (1970). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Doll, R. & Peto, R. _The Causes


of Cancer_ 1220 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1981). Google Scholar  * Hirayama, T. Nonsmoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan. _Br. Med. J._ 282,


183–185 (1981). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Denissenko, M. F., et al. Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adduct at lung cancer mutation hotspots in p53. _Science_ 274, 430–432


(1996). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Peto, R. & Lopez, A. _Mortality from Smoking in Developed Countries_, 1950–2000 (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1994). Google Scholar  * World Health


Organization. _Tobacco or Health: A Global Status Report_ (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999). * 'World Kicking Cigarette Habit'. Worldwatch Issue Alert, May 9, 2000 * World


Health Organization. _The Tobacco Epidemic: A Crisis of Startling Dimensions_ (World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998). * Ferlay, J., Bray, F., Pisani, P., & Parkin, D. M. _GLOBOCAN


2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide_ Version 1.0. IARC CancerBase No. 5 (IARC Press, Lyon, 2001). Google Scholar  * Liu, B.-Q., et al. Emerging tobacco hazards in


China: 1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. _Br. Med. J._ 317, 1411–1422 (1998). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * American Cancer Society. _Cancer Facts and


Figures 2000_ 11 (American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, 2000). * Proctor, R. _The Nazi War on Cancer_ 246 (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1999). Google Scholar  * Lee. P. N. _Tobacco


Consumption in Various Countries_ (London, Tobacco Research Council, 1975). Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * the Department of History,


Pennsylvania State University, Weaver Building, University Park, 16802, Pennsylvania, USA Robert N. Proctor Authors * Robert N. Proctor View author publications You can also search for this


author inPubMed Google Scholar RELATED LINKS RELATED LINKS FURTHER INFORMATION Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) American Cancer Society Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tobacco


Control Archives from the UCSF Library Tobacco Timeline RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Proctor, R. Tobacco and the global lung cancer


epidemic. _Nat Rev Cancer_ 1, 82–86 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35094091 Download citation * Issue Date: 01 October 2001 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35094091 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone


you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by


the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative