Access through your institution Buy or subscribe More than 3 million deaths a year are attributable to smoking worldwide, and the use of tobacco is on the rise in developing countries.

Consequently, tobacco use is one of the few causes of mortality that is increasing, with deaths projected to reach 10 million annually in 30–40 years.1 In developed countries, smoking is

presently estimated to cause 20% of all deaths, making it the largest single cause of preventable death. In the United States alone, smoking-related illness causes more than 430 000 deaths

and $150 billion in medical costs and lost productivity annually.2 Nicotine is the primary addictive component of tobacco.3,4,5,6,7 It motivates smoking by about 1.1 billion people,

year, but only a few percent succeed.9 Since it is such a serious health problem, nicotine addiction arising from tobacco use has been the focus of much research. For nicotine and other

psychostimulant drugs of abuse, the accumulation of evidence supports the hypothesis that mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) systems mediate the reinforcement for continued drug use despite the

harmful consequences.3,4,5,6,10,11 This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12

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* _Tobacco or Health, a Global Status Report_. World Health Organization Publications: Geneva, Switzerland. 1997, p 495. * US Department of Health and Human Services. _The Health

Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: a Report of the Surgeon General_. Office on Smoking and Health: Rockville, MD, 1988. * Kelley AE, Berridge KC . _J Neurosci_ 2002; 22: 3306–3311.

* Martin-Soelch C et al. _Brain Res Rev_ 2001; 36: 139–149. * Wise RA Bozarth MA . _Psychol Rev_ 1987; 94: 469–492. * Corrigall WA . _Nicotine Tob Res_ 1999; 1: 1–20. * Montague PR et al.

_J Neurosci_ 1996; 16: 1936–1947. * Garris PA et al. _Nature_ 1999; 398: 67–69. * Zhou FM et al. _Nat Neurosci_ 2001; 4: 1224–1229. * Jaffe EH et al. _J Neurosci_ 1998; 18: 3548–3553. *

Kelly C McCreadie RG . _Am J Psychiatry_ 1999; 156: 1751–1757. Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine,

Houston, 77030, TX, USA J A Dani Authors * J A Dani View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to J A Dani.

RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Dani, J. Roles of dopamine signaling in nicotine addiction. _Mol Psychiatry_ 8, 255–256 (2003).

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