Genetic studies of laboratory reared mytilus edulis. I. Genotype specific selection in relation to salinity

Genetic studies of laboratory reared mytilus edulis. I. Genotype specific selection in relation to salinity

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ABSTRACT Significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in natural populations of bivalves may be due to a number of factors such as the Wahlund effect, null alleles and selection, and it is often difficult to decide which of these factors is operating. The use of laboratory controlled single crosses and mass matings, where the genotypes of the parents are known, can provide strong evidence for selection when deviations from expected genotype frequencies are observed in the offspring. Several cultures of offspring from a single cross and from a mass mating of the mussel, _Mytilus edulis_, were reared through the larval stage at either 32 or 25 parts per thousand salinity. At the early post-larval stage salinities were altered for some cultures while others remained unchanged. Samples were taken for electrophoresis as post-larvae and again as juveniles and were scored at the _Lap, Pgm, Odh, Hex, Pgk_ and _Gpi_ loci. Significant deviations from expected frequencies were observed at many loci in the offspring but these deviations did not appear to be related to salinity except at the _Lap_ locus. The allele _Lap__94_ was selected against at low salinity during the post-larval to juvenile stage, but no such selection occurred at low salinity during the larval stage. The data fit Koehn's (1985) model of post-larval selection at the _Lap_ locus in mussels in Long Island Sound, USA, but suggest that there may be ontogenetic variation in fitness at this locus. Results at the _Pgm_ and _Gpi_ loci indicate that these loci are probably acting as markers for other loci on the same chromosome which have a strong effect on fitness. Density dependent factors may have caused some of the non-random mortality amongst offspring which was apparently independent of salinity. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS GENETICS AND ONTOGENY ARE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL RESILIENCE IN A CULTURALLY AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE Article Open access 19 August 2024 SHEDDING LIGHT ON VARIATION IN REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS THROUGH STUDIES OF POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE IN A SOUTHEAST PACIFIC COAST MUSSEL Article 06 April 2023 HYDROPOWER-INDUCED SELECTION OF BEHAVIOURAL TRAITS IN ATLANTIC SALMON (_SALMO SALAR_) Article Open access 12 August 2021 ARTICLE PDF REFERENCES * Adamkewicz, L, Taub, S R, and Wall, J R. 1984. Genetics of the clam _Mercenaria mercenaria_. II. Size and genotype. _Malacologia_ 25, 525–533. Google Scholar  * Ahmad, M, Skibinski, D O F, and Beardmore, J A. 1977. An estimate of the amount of genetic variation in the common mussel _Mytilus edulis._ _Biochem Genet_ 15, 833–846. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bayne, B L. 1965. Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of _Mytilus edulis_ (L.). _Ophelia_ 2, 1–47. Article  Google Scholar  * Beaumont, A R, Beveridge, C M, and Budd, M D. 1983. Selection and heterozygosity within single families of the mussel, _Mytilus edulis_. (L.). _Mar Biol Letts_ 4, 151–161. Google Scholar  * Beaumont, A R, and Beveridge, C M. 1983. Resolution of phosphoglucomutase isozymes in _Mytilus edulis_ L. _Mar Biol Letts_ 4, 97–103. CAS  Google Scholar  * Beaumont, A R, Day, T R, and Gade, G. 1980. Genetic variation at the octopine dehydrogenase locus in the adductor muscle of _Cerastoderma edule_ (L.) and six other bivalve species. _Mar Biol Letts_ 1, 137–148. CAS  Google Scholar  * Diehl, W J, Gaffney, P M, Mcdonald, J H, and Koehn, R K. 1985. Relationship between weight-standardised oxygen consumption and multiple-locus heterozygosity in the marine mussel _Mytilus edulis_ L. (Mollusca). In Gibbs, P. E., _Proc Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 529–534. Google Scholar  * Gabbott, P A. 1983. Developmental and seasonal metabolic activities in marine molluscs. In Hochachka, P. W. (ed) _The Mollusca Vol 2 Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology_, Academic Press, pp. 165–217. Google Scholar  * Gaffney, P M, and Scott, T M. 1984. Genetic heterozygosity and production traits in natural and hatchery populations of bivalves. _Aquaculture_ 42, 289–302. Article  Google Scholar  * Gentili, M R, and Beaumont, A R. 1988. Environmental stress, heterozygosity and growth rate in _Mytilus edulis._ _J Exp Mar Biol Ecol_, (In press). * Harris, H, and Hopkinson, D A. 1976. _Hand Book of Enzyme Electrophoresis in Human Genetics_. North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam. 259pp. Google Scholar  * Hilbish, T J, and Koehn, R K. 1985a. Dominance in physiological phenotypes and fitness at an enzyme locus. _Science_ 229, 52–45. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Hilbish, T J, and Koehn, R K. 1985b. Genetic variation in nitrogen metabolism in _Mytilus edulis_: contribution of the Lap locus. In Gibbs, P. E. (ed.) _Proc 19th Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 497–504. Google Scholar  * Hvilsom, M M, and Theisen, B F. 1984. Inheritance of allozyme variations through crossing experiments with the blue mussel, _Mytilus edulis_ L. _Hereditas_, 101, 1–7. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K. 1983. Biochemical genetics and adaptation in molluscs. In Hochachka, P. W. (ed.) _The Mollusca, Vol 2 Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology_, Academic Press, pp. 305–330. Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K. 1985. Adaptive aspects of biochemical and physiological variability. In Gibbs, P. E. (ed.) _Proc 19th Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 425–441. Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K, and Gaffney, P. 1984. Genetic heterozygosity and growth rate in _Mytilus edulis._ _Mar Biol_ 82, 1–7. Article  Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K, Milkman, R, and Mitton, J B. 1976. Population genetics of marine pelecypods. IV. Selection, migration and genetic differentiation in the blue mussel _Mytilus edulis._ _Evolution_ 30, 2–32. Article  Google Scholar  * Levinton, J S, and Fundiller, D. 1975. An ecological and physiological approach to the study of biochemical polymorphisms. In Barnes, H. (ed.) _Proc Ninth Europ Mar Biol Symp_, Aberdeen Univ. Press, Aberdeen, pp. 165–176. Google Scholar  * Mallet, A L, Zouros, E, Gartner-Kepkay, K E, Freeman, K R, and Dickie, L M. 1985. Larval viability and heterozygote deficiency in populations of marine bivalves: evidence from pair matings of mussels. _Mar Biol_ 87, 109–123. Article  Google Scholar  * Mallet, A L, Zouros, E, Gartner-Kepkay, K E, and Freeman, K R. 1986. Genetics of growth in blue mussels: family and enzyme-heterozygosity effects. _Mar Biol_ 92, 475–482. Article  Google Scholar  * Skibinski, D O F, Beardmore, J A, and Cross, T F. 1983. Aspects of the population genetics of _Mytilus_ (Mytilidae; mollusca) in the British Isles. _Biol J Linn Soc_ 19, 137–183. Article  Google Scholar  * Sprung, M, and Bayne, B L. 1984. Some practical aspects of fertilising the eggs of the mussel _Mytilus edulis_ L. _J Cons Int Explor Mer_, 41, 125–128. Article  Google Scholar  * Tracey, M L, Bellet, N F, and Gravem, C D. 1975. Excess allozyme homozygosity and breeding population structure in the mussel _Mytilus californianus._ _Mar Biol_ 32, 303–311. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Turner, V S, and Hopkinson, D A. 1979. The use of meldola blue in isozyme stains after electrophoresis. _F.E.B.S._ _Letters_, 105, 376–378. CAS  Google Scholar  * Zouros, E, and Foltz, D W. 1984. Possible explanations of heterozygote deficiency in bivalve molluscs. _Malacologia_, 25, 583–591. Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * School of Ocean Sciences, UCNW, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge, Gwynedd, LL59 5EY A R Beaumont, C M Beveridge, E A Barnet, M D Budd & M Smyth-Chamosa Authors * A R Beaumont View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * C M Beveridge View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * E A Barnet View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M D Budd View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M Smyth-Chamosa View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Beaumont, A., Beveridge, C., Barnet, E. _et al._ Genetic studies of laboratory reared _Mytilus edulis._ I. Genotype specific selection in relation to salinity. _Heredity_ 61, 389–400 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.129 Download citation * Received: 19 January 1988 * Issue Date: 01 December 1988 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.129 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

ABSTRACT Significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in natural populations of bivalves may be due to a number of factors such as the Wahlund effect, null alleles and


selection, and it is often difficult to decide which of these factors is operating. The use of laboratory controlled single crosses and mass matings, where the genotypes of the parents are


known, can provide strong evidence for selection when deviations from expected genotype frequencies are observed in the offspring. Several cultures of offspring from a single cross and from


a mass mating of the mussel, _Mytilus edulis_, were reared through the larval stage at either 32 or 25 parts per thousand salinity. At the early post-larval stage salinities were altered for


some cultures while others remained unchanged. Samples were taken for electrophoresis as post-larvae and again as juveniles and were scored at the _Lap, Pgm, Odh, Hex, Pgk_ and _Gpi_ loci.


Significant deviations from expected frequencies were observed at many loci in the offspring but these deviations did not appear to be related to salinity except at the _Lap_ locus. The


allele _Lap__94_ was selected against at low salinity during the post-larval to juvenile stage, but no such selection occurred at low salinity during the larval stage. The data fit


Koehn's (1985) model of post-larval selection at the _Lap_ locus in mussels in Long Island Sound, USA, but suggest that there may be ontogenetic variation in fitness at this locus.


Results at the _Pgm_ and _Gpi_ loci indicate that these loci are probably acting as markers for other loci on the same chromosome which have a strong effect on fitness. Density dependent


factors may have caused some of the non-random mortality amongst offspring which was apparently independent of salinity. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS GENETICS AND ONTOGENY ARE KEY


FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL RESILIENCE IN A CULTURALLY AND ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT BIVALVE Article Open access 19 August 2024 SHEDDING LIGHT ON VARIATION IN REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS THROUGH


STUDIES OF POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE IN A SOUTHEAST PACIFIC COAST MUSSEL Article 06 April 2023 HYDROPOWER-INDUCED SELECTION OF BEHAVIOURAL TRAITS IN ATLANTIC SALMON (_SALMO SALAR_)


Article Open access 12 August 2021 ARTICLE PDF REFERENCES * Adamkewicz, L, Taub, S R, and Wall, J R. 1984. Genetics of the clam _Mercenaria mercenaria_. II. Size and genotype. _Malacologia_


25, 525–533. Google Scholar  * Ahmad, M, Skibinski, D O F, and Beardmore, J A. 1977. An estimate of the amount of genetic variation in the common mussel _Mytilus edulis._ _Biochem Genet_ 15,


833–846. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bayne, B L. 1965. Growth and the delay of metamorphosis of the larvae of _Mytilus edulis_ (L.). _Ophelia_ 2, 1–47. Article  Google Scholar  *


Beaumont, A R, Beveridge, C M, and Budd, M D. 1983. Selection and heterozygosity within single families of the mussel, _Mytilus edulis_. (L.). _Mar Biol Letts_ 4, 151–161. Google Scholar  *


Beaumont, A R, and Beveridge, C M. 1983. Resolution of phosphoglucomutase isozymes in _Mytilus edulis_ L. _Mar Biol Letts_ 4, 97–103. CAS  Google Scholar  * Beaumont, A R, Day, T R, and


Gade, G. 1980. Genetic variation at the octopine dehydrogenase locus in the adductor muscle of _Cerastoderma edule_ (L.) and six other bivalve species. _Mar Biol Letts_ 1, 137–148. CAS 


Google Scholar  * Diehl, W J, Gaffney, P M, Mcdonald, J H, and Koehn, R K. 1985. Relationship between weight-standardised oxygen consumption and multiple-locus heterozygosity in the marine


mussel _Mytilus edulis_ L. (Mollusca). In Gibbs, P. E., _Proc Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 529–534. Google Scholar  * Gabbott, P A. 1983. Developmental and seasonal


metabolic activities in marine molluscs. In Hochachka, P. W. (ed) _The Mollusca Vol 2 Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology_, Academic Press, pp. 165–217. Google Scholar  * Gaffney, P M,


and Scott, T M. 1984. Genetic heterozygosity and production traits in natural and hatchery populations of bivalves. _Aquaculture_ 42, 289–302. Article  Google Scholar  * Gentili, M R, and


Beaumont, A R. 1988. Environmental stress, heterozygosity and growth rate in _Mytilus edulis._ _J Exp Mar Biol Ecol_, (In press). * Harris, H, and Hopkinson, D A. 1976. _Hand Book of Enzyme


Electrophoresis in Human Genetics_. North Holland Pub. Co., Amsterdam. 259pp. Google Scholar  * Hilbish, T J, and Koehn, R K. 1985a. Dominance in physiological phenotypes and fitness at an


enzyme locus. _Science_ 229, 52–45. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Hilbish, T J, and Koehn, R K. 1985b. Genetic variation in nitrogen metabolism in _Mytilus edulis_: contribution of the Lap


locus. In Gibbs, P. E. (ed.) _Proc 19th Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 497–504. Google Scholar  * Hvilsom, M M, and Theisen, B F. 1984. Inheritance of allozyme


variations through crossing experiments with the blue mussel, _Mytilus edulis_ L. _Hereditas_, 101, 1–7. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K. 1983. Biochemical genetics and adaptation


in molluscs. In Hochachka, P. W. (ed.) _The Mollusca, Vol 2 Environmental Biochemistry and Physiology_, Academic Press, pp. 305–330. Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K. 1985. Adaptive aspects of


biochemical and physiological variability. In Gibbs, P. E. (ed.) _Proc 19th Eur Mar Biol Symp_, Cambridge University Press, pp. 425–441. Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K, and Gaffney, P. 1984.


Genetic heterozygosity and growth rate in _Mytilus edulis._ _Mar Biol_ 82, 1–7. Article  Google Scholar  * Koehn, R K, Milkman, R, and Mitton, J B. 1976. Population genetics of marine


pelecypods. IV. Selection, migration and genetic differentiation in the blue mussel _Mytilus edulis._ _Evolution_ 30, 2–32. Article  Google Scholar  * Levinton, J S, and Fundiller, D. 1975.


An ecological and physiological approach to the study of biochemical polymorphisms. In Barnes, H. (ed.) _Proc Ninth Europ Mar Biol Symp_, Aberdeen Univ. Press, Aberdeen, pp. 165–176. Google


Scholar  * Mallet, A L, Zouros, E, Gartner-Kepkay, K E, Freeman, K R, and Dickie, L M. 1985. Larval viability and heterozygote deficiency in populations of marine bivalves: evidence from


pair matings of mussels. _Mar Biol_ 87, 109–123. Article  Google Scholar  * Mallet, A L, Zouros, E, Gartner-Kepkay, K E, and Freeman, K R. 1986. Genetics of growth in blue mussels: family


and enzyme-heterozygosity effects. _Mar Biol_ 92, 475–482. Article  Google Scholar  * Skibinski, D O F, Beardmore, J A, and Cross, T F. 1983. Aspects of the population genetics of _Mytilus_


(Mytilidae; mollusca) in the British Isles. _Biol J Linn Soc_ 19, 137–183. Article  Google Scholar  * Sprung, M, and Bayne, B L. 1984. Some practical aspects of fertilising the eggs of the


mussel _Mytilus edulis_ L. _J Cons Int Explor Mer_, 41, 125–128. Article  Google Scholar  * Tracey, M L, Bellet, N F, and Gravem, C D. 1975. Excess allozyme homozygosity and breeding


population structure in the mussel _Mytilus californianus._ _Mar Biol_ 32, 303–311. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Turner, V S, and Hopkinson, D A. 1979. The use of meldola blue in isozyme


stains after electrophoresis. _F.E.B.S._ _Letters_, 105, 376–378. CAS  Google Scholar  * Zouros, E, and Foltz, D W. 1984. Possible explanations of heterozygote deficiency in bivalve


molluscs. _Malacologia_, 25, 583–591. Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * School of Ocean Sciences, UCNW, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai


Bridge, Gwynedd, LL59 5EY A R Beaumont, C M Beveridge, E A Barnet, M D Budd & M Smyth-Chamosa Authors * A R Beaumont View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed


 Google Scholar * C M Beveridge View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * E A Barnet View author publications You can also search for this author


inPubMed Google Scholar * M D Budd View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M Smyth-Chamosa View author publications You can also search for


this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Beaumont, A., Beveridge, C., Barnet, E. _et al._ Genetic studies of


laboratory reared _Mytilus edulis._ I. Genotype specific selection in relation to salinity. _Heredity_ 61, 389–400 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.129 Download citation * Received:


19 January 1988 * Issue Date: 01 December 1988 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1988.129 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get


shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative