Structure of rdna in the mosquito anopheles gambiae and rdna sequence variation within and between species of the a. Gambiae complex

Structure of rdna in the mosquito anopheles gambiae and rdna sequence variation within and between species of the a. Gambiae complex

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ABSTRACT The structure of the rDNA repeating unit of _Anopheles gambiae_ (Diptera: Culicidae) was determined by restriction endonuclease mapping and hybridization analyses on four independent clones obtained from a genomic library of a colony (G3) from the Gambia (West Africa). rDNA gene coding sequences are conserved, but much intragenomic and intraspecific (geographic) variation occurs in the intergenic spacer. Hybridization of subclones from spacer and coding sequences to genomic DNA that was isolated from single mosquitoes from laboratory colonies of four other _A. gambiae_ complex species reveals conservation of coding sequences but concerted evolution in the intergenic spacers. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS DESPITE STRUCTURAL IDENTITY, _ACE-1_ HETEROGENOUS DUPLICATION RESISTANCE ALLELES ARE QUITE DIVERSE IN _ANOPHELES_ MOSQUITOES Article Open access 27 January 2024 IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE CONSERVED MOTIFS WITHIN THE CONTROL REGION OF CULICIDAE MITOGENOMES Article Open access 19 December 2022 DEFINING THE GENETICS OF THE WIDELY USED G3 STRAIN OF THE MOSQUITO, _ANOPHELES GAMBIAE_ Article Open access 16 April 2025 ARTICLE PDF REFERENCES * Amstutz, H, Munz, P, Heyer, W D, Leupold, U, and Kohli, J. 1985. Concerted evolution of transfer RNA genes: intergenic conversion among three unlinked serine transfer RNA genes in _Schizosaccharomyces pombe_. _Cell_, 40, 879–886. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Arnheim, N. 1983. concerted evolution of multigene families. In Nei, M. and Koehn, R. K. (ed.) _Evolution of Genes and Proteins_, Sinauer, Boston, pp. 38–61. Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K. 1982. Insect rDNA. _Cell NucL_, 10, 205–263. CAS  Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K, and Smith, V L. 1981. The ribosomal DNA of _Calliphora erythrocephala:_ the cistron classes of total genomic DNA. _J Mol Biol_, 149, 141–169. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K, and White, R. 1980. The ribosomal DNA of _Calliphora erythrocephala:_ an analysis of hybrid plas-mids containing ribosomal DNA. _J Mol Biol_, 137, 349–373. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Boncinelli, E, Borhese, A, Graziani, F, Lamantia, A, Manzi, A, Mriani, C, and Simeone, A. 1983. Inheritance of the rDNA spacer in _Drosophila_. _Mol Gen Genet_, 189, 370–374. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, and Dover, G A. 1982. Multiple Pol I intiation sites in rDNA spacers of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Nucl Acids Res_, 10, 7017–7026. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, and Dover, G A. 1983. Unequal exchanges and the coevolution of X and Y chromosomal rDNA arrays in _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Cell_ 33, 849–854. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Coen, E, Strachan, T, and Dover, G A. 1982a. Dynamics of concerted evolution of ribosomal DNA and histone gene families in the _melanogaster_ subgroup of _Drosophila_. _J Mol Biol_, 158, 17–35. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, Thoday, J M, and Dover, G A. 1982b. The rate of turnover of structural variants in the ribosomal gene family of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Nature_, 295, 564–568. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Collins, F H, Mendez, A, Rassmusen, M O, Mehaffey, P C, Besansky, N J, and Finnerty, V. 1987. A ribo-somal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the _Anopheles gambiae_ complex. _Am J Trop Med Hyg_, 37, 37–41. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Desalle, R, Slightorn, J, and Zimmer, E. 1986. The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. II. Ribosomal DNA polymorphism is associated with the abnormal abdomen syndrome in _Drosophila mer-catorum_. _Genetics_, 112, 861–875. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Dewinter, R F J, and Moss, T. 1986. Spacer promoters are essential for efficient enhancement of _X. laevis_ ribosomal transcription. _Cell_, 44, 313–318. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A. 1982. Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. _Nature_, 299, 111–117. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A. 1986. Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. _Trends Genet_, 2, 159–165. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, Brown, S, Coen, E S, Dallas, J, Strachan, T, and Trick, M. 1982. The dynamics of genome evolution and species differentiation. In Dover, G. A. and Flavell, R. B. (ed.) _Genome, Evolution_, Academic Press, New York, pp. 343–372. Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, and Coen, E. 1981. Spring cleaning ribosomal DNA: a model for multigene evolution? _Nature_, 290, 731–732. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, and Flavell, R B. 1984. Molecular coevolution: DNA divergence and the maintenance of function. _Cell_, 38, 622–623. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dutton, F L, and Krider, H M. 1984. Ribosomal RNA cistrons of X-chromosomes clonally derived from _Drosophila melanogaster_ laboratory populations: redundancy, organization and stability. _Genetics_, 107, 405–421. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Endow, S A, and Glover, D M. 1979. Differential replication of ribosomal gene repeats in polytene nuclei of _Drosophila_. _Cell_, 17, 597–605. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Erickson, J M, and Schmickell, R D. 1985. A molecular basis for discrete variation in human ribosomal DNA. _Am J Hum Genet_, 37, 311–325. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Federoff, N V. 1979. On spacers. _Cell_, 16, 697–710. Article  Google Scholar  * Gerbi, S A. 1985. Evolution of ribosomal DNA. In Maclntyre, R. (ed.) _Molecular Evolutionary Genetics_, Plenum, New York, pp. 419–517. Chapter  Google Scholar  * Gillings, M R, Frankham, R, Spiers, J, and Whalley, M. 1987. X-Y exchange and the coevolution of the X and Y rDNA arrays in _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Genetics_, 116, 241–251. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Hayashida, H, Miyata, T, Ymawaki-Katooka, Y, Honjo, T, Wels, J, and Blattner, F. 1984. Concerted evolution of the mouse immunoglobulin gamma chain genes. _EMBO J_, 3, 2047–2054. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Jubier-Maurin, V, Dod, B J, Bellis, M, Piechaczyk, M, and Roizes, G. 1985. Comparative study of the LI family in the genus Mu: possible role of retroposition and conversion events in its concerted evolution. _J Mol Biol_, 184, 547–564. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kalamuck, K E, and Procunier, J D. 1984. Non-selective amplification of ribosomal DNA repeat units in compensating genotypes of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Biochem Genet_, 22, 453–465. Article  Google Scholar  * Keil, R L, and Roeder, G S. 1984. Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_. _Cell_, 39, 377–386. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kidd, S J, and Glover, D M. 1980. A DNA segment from _Drosophila melanogaster_ which contains five tandemly repeating units homologous to the major rDNA insertion. _Cell_, 19, 103–119. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kohorn, B D, and Rae, P M M. 1982. Non-transcribed spacer sequences promote _in vitro_ transcription of _Drosophila melanogaster_ ribosomal DNA. _Nucl Acids Res_, 10, 6879–6886. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Kunz, W, Petersen, G, Renkawitz-Pohl, R, Glatzer, K H, and Schafer, M. 1981. Distribution of spacer length classes and the intervening sequence among different nucleolus organizers in _Drosophila hydei_. _Chromosoma_, 83, 145–158. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Livak, K. 1984. Organization and mapping of a sequence on the _Drosophila melanogaster_ X and Y chromosomes that is transcribed during spermatogenesis. _Genetics_, 107, 611–634. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Long, E O, Collins, M, Kiefer, B I, and Dawid, I B. 1981. Expression of the ribosomal DNA insertions in bobbed mutants of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Mol Gen Genet_, 182, 377–384. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Maddern, R H. 1981. Exchange between ribosomal RNA genes of the X and Y chromosomes of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Genet Res_, 38, 1–7. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Maniatis, T, Fritsch, E F, and Sambrook, J. 1982. _Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual_. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Google Scholar  * Mendez, A M, Collins, F H, and Finnerty, V. 1988. Organization of the 28S gene intron of rDNA in _Anopheles gambiae_. (Manuscript in preparation). * Michelson, A M, and Orkin, S H. 1983. Boundaries of gene conversion within the duplicated human a-globin genes: concerted evolution by segmental recombination. _J Biol Chem_, 258, 15245–15254. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Morzycka-Wroblewska, E, Selker, E U, Stevens, J N, and Metzenberg, R L. 1985. Concerted evolution of dispersed Neurospora crassa 58 RNA genes: pattern of sequence conservation between allelic and nonallelic genes. _Mol Cell Biol_, 5, 46–51. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T. 1983. On the evolution of multigene families. _Theor Pop Biol_, 23, 216–240. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T, and Dover, G A. 1983. Population genetics of multigene families that are dispersed into two or more chromosomes. _Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)_, 80, 4079–4083. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T, and Dover, G A. 1984. The cohesive population genetics of molecular drive. _Genetics_, 108, 501–521. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Peacock, W J, Appels, R, Endow, S, and Glover, D M. 1981. Chromosomal distribution of the major insert in _Drosophila melanogaster_ 28S rRNA genes. _Genet Res_, 37, 204–214. Article  Google Scholar  * Pichersky, E, Bernatzky, R, Tanksley, S D, and Cashmore, A R. 1986. Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of _Lycopersicon esculentum_ (tomato) genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. _Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)_, 83, 3880–3884. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Reeder, R J. 1984. Enhancers and ribosomal gene spacers. _Cell_, 38, 349–351. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roiha, H, and Glover, D M. 1980. Characterization of complete type II insertions in cloned segments of ribosomal DNA from _Drosophila melanogaster_. _J Mol Biol_, 140, 341–355. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roiha, H, Miller, J R, Woods, L C, and Glover, D M. 1981. Arrangements and rearrangements of sequence flanking the two types of rDNA insertion in _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Nature_, 290, 749–753. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roiha, H, Read, C A, Browne, M J, and Glover, D M. 1983. Widely differing degrees of sequence conservation of the two types of rDNA insertion within the _melanogaster_ species subgroup of _Drosophila_. _EMBO J_, 2, 721–726. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Salzano, G, and Malva, C. 1984. Non-random loss of uninterrupted ribosomal DNA repeating units upon induction of a bobbed mutation. _J Mol Biol_, 177, 189–200. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schimenti, J C, and Duncan, C H. 1985. Concerted evolution of the cow beta-globin genes. _Mol Biol Evol_, 2, 505–513. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Service, M W. 1985. _Anopheles gambiae:_ Africa's principal malaria vector, 1902–1984 _Bull Entomol Soc Am, Fall_, 8–12. Article  Google Scholar  * Southern, E. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. _J Mol Biol_, 98, 503–517. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Strachan, T, Coen, E, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1982. Modes and rates of change of complex DNA families of _Drosophila_. _J Mol Biol_, 158, 37–54. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Strachan, T, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1985. Transition stages of molecular drive in multi-copy DNA families in _Drosophila_. _EMBO J_, 4, 1701–1708. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, and Dover, G A. 1986. Transcription of the tandem array of ribosomal DNA of _Drosophila melanogaster_ does not terminate at any fixed point. _EMBO J_, 5, 1267–1273. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, Tautz, C, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1987. Evolutionary divergence of promoters and spacers in the rDNA family of four _Drosophila_ species. _J Mol Biol_, 195, 425–542. Article  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, Trick, M, and Dover, G A. 1986. Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. _Nature_, 322, 652–656. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Treco, D, Brownell, E, and Arnheim, N. 1982. The ribosomal gene nontranscribed spacer. _Cell Nucl_, 12, 101–126. CAS  Google Scholar  * Vieira, J, and Messing, J. 1982. The pUC plasmids, an Mal3mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. _Gene_, 19, 259–268. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Williams, S M, Desalle, R, and Strobeck, C. 1985. Homogenization of geographical variants at the nontranscribed spacer of rDNA in _Drosophila mercatorum_. _Mol Biol Evol_, 2, 338–346. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Williams, S M, Furnier, G R, Fuog, E, and Strobeck, C. 1987. Evolution of ribosomal DNA spacers of _Drosophila melanogaster:_ different patterns of variation on X and Y chromosomes. _Genetics_, 116, 225–232. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Williams, S M, and Strobeck, C. 1985. Sister chromatid exchange and the evolution of rDNA length. _J Theor Biol_ 116, 625–636. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * Denson Kelly McLain Present address: Department of Biology, Georgia Southern College, Statesboro, GA, 30460, U.S.A. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Division of Parastitic Diseases, Malaria Branch, Center for Infection Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 30333, GA, USA Denson Kelly McLain & Frank H Collins Authors * Denson Kelly McLain View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Frank H Collins View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE McLain, D., Collins, F. Structure of rDNA in the mosquito _Anopheles gambiae_ and rDNA sequence variation within and between species of the _A. gambiae_ complex. _Heredity_ 62, 233–242 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1989.33 Download citation * Received: 01 August 1988 * Issue Date: 01 April 1989 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1989.33 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

ABSTRACT The structure of the rDNA repeating unit of _Anopheles gambiae_ (Diptera: Culicidae) was determined by restriction endonuclease mapping and hybridization analyses on four


independent clones obtained from a genomic library of a colony (G3) from the Gambia (West Africa). rDNA gene coding sequences are conserved, but much intragenomic and intraspecific


(geographic) variation occurs in the intergenic spacer. Hybridization of subclones from spacer and coding sequences to genomic DNA that was isolated from single mosquitoes from laboratory


colonies of four other _A. gambiae_ complex species reveals conservation of coding sequences but concerted evolution in the intergenic spacers. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS DESPITE


STRUCTURAL IDENTITY, _ACE-1_ HETEROGENOUS DUPLICATION RESISTANCE ALLELES ARE QUITE DIVERSE IN _ANOPHELES_ MOSQUITOES Article Open access 27 January 2024 IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE


CONSERVED MOTIFS WITHIN THE CONTROL REGION OF CULICIDAE MITOGENOMES Article Open access 19 December 2022 DEFINING THE GENETICS OF THE WIDELY USED G3 STRAIN OF THE MOSQUITO, _ANOPHELES


GAMBIAE_ Article Open access 16 April 2025 ARTICLE PDF REFERENCES * Amstutz, H, Munz, P, Heyer, W D, Leupold, U, and Kohli, J. 1985. Concerted evolution of transfer RNA genes: intergenic


conversion among three unlinked serine transfer RNA genes in _Schizosaccharomyces pombe_. _Cell_, 40, 879–886. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Arnheim, N. 1983. concerted evolution


of multigene families. In Nei, M. and Koehn, R. K. (ed.) _Evolution of Genes and Proteins_, Sinauer, Boston, pp. 38–61. Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K. 1982. Insect rDNA. _Cell NucL_, 10,


205–263. CAS  Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K, and Smith, V L. 1981. The ribosomal DNA of _Calliphora erythrocephala:_ the cistron classes of total genomic DNA. _J Mol Biol_, 149, 141–169.


Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Beckingham, K, and White, R. 1980. The ribosomal DNA of _Calliphora erythrocephala:_ an analysis of hybrid plas-mids containing ribosomal DNA. _J Mol


Biol_, 137, 349–373. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Boncinelli, E, Borhese, A, Graziani, F, Lamantia, A, Manzi, A, Mriani, C, and Simeone, A. 1983. Inheritance of the rDNA spacer in


_Drosophila_. _Mol Gen Genet_, 189, 370–374. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, and Dover, G A. 1982. Multiple Pol I intiation sites in rDNA spacers of _Drosophila melanogaster_.


_Nucl Acids Res_, 10, 7017–7026. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, and Dover, G A. 1983. Unequal exchanges and the coevolution of X and Y chromosomal rDNA


arrays in _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Cell_ 33, 849–854. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Coen, E, Strachan, T, and Dover, G A. 1982a. Dynamics of concerted evolution of ribosomal DNA


and histone gene families in the _melanogaster_ subgroup of _Drosophila_. _J Mol Biol_, 158, 17–35. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Coen, E S, Thoday, J M, and Dover, G A. 1982b.


The rate of turnover of structural variants in the ribosomal gene family of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Nature_, 295, 564–568. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Collins, F H, Mendez,


A, Rassmusen, M O, Mehaffey, P C, Besansky, N J, and Finnerty, V. 1987. A ribo-somal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the _Anopheles gambiae_ complex. _Am J Trop Med Hyg_, 37,


37–41. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Desalle, R, Slightorn, J, and Zimmer, E. 1986. The molecular through ecological genetics of abnormal abdomen. II. Ribosomal DNA polymorphism


is associated with the abnormal abdomen syndrome in _Drosophila mer-catorum_. _Genetics_, 112, 861–875. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Dewinter, R F J, and Moss, T. 1986.


Spacer promoters are essential for efficient enhancement of _X. laevis_ ribosomal transcription. _Cell_, 44, 313–318. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A. 1982. Molecular drive: a


cohesive mode of species evolution. _Nature_, 299, 111–117. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A. 1986. Molecular drive in multigene families: how biological novelties arise,


spread and are assimilated. _Trends Genet_, 2, 159–165. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, Brown, S, Coen, E S, Dallas, J, Strachan, T, and Trick, M. 1982. The dynamics of genome


evolution and species differentiation. In Dover, G. A. and Flavell, R. B. (ed.) _Genome, Evolution_, Academic Press, New York, pp. 343–372. Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, and Coen, E. 1981.


Spring cleaning ribosomal DNA: a model for multigene evolution? _Nature_, 290, 731–732. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dover, G A, and Flavell, R B. 1984. Molecular coevolution: DNA


divergence and the maintenance of function. _Cell_, 38, 622–623. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dutton, F L, and Krider, H M. 1984. Ribosomal RNA cistrons of X-chromosomes clonally


derived from _Drosophila melanogaster_ laboratory populations: redundancy, organization and stability. _Genetics_, 107, 405–421. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Endow, S A,


and Glover, D M. 1979. Differential replication of ribosomal gene repeats in polytene nuclei of _Drosophila_. _Cell_, 17, 597–605. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Erickson, J M, and


Schmickell, R D. 1985. A molecular basis for discrete variation in human ribosomal DNA. _Am J Hum Genet_, 37, 311–325. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Federoff, N V. 1979. On


spacers. _Cell_, 16, 697–710. Article  Google Scholar  * Gerbi, S A. 1985. Evolution of ribosomal DNA. In Maclntyre, R. (ed.) _Molecular Evolutionary Genetics_, Plenum, New York, pp.


419–517. Chapter  Google Scholar  * Gillings, M R, Frankham, R, Spiers, J, and Whalley, M. 1987. X-Y exchange and the coevolution of the X and Y rDNA arrays in _Drosophila melanogaster_.


_Genetics_, 116, 241–251. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Hayashida, H, Miyata, T, Ymawaki-Katooka, Y, Honjo, T, Wels, J, and Blattner, F. 1984. Concerted evolution of the


mouse immunoglobulin gamma chain genes. _EMBO J_, 3, 2047–2054. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Jubier-Maurin, V, Dod, B J, Bellis, M, Piechaczyk, M, and Roizes, G.


1985. Comparative study of the LI family in the genus Mu: possible role of retroposition and conversion events in its concerted evolution. _J Mol Biol_, 184, 547–564. Article  CAS  PubMed 


Google Scholar  * Kalamuck, K E, and Procunier, J D. 1984. Non-selective amplification of ribosomal DNA repeat units in compensating genotypes of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Biochem Genet_,


22, 453–465. Article  Google Scholar  * Keil, R L, and Roeder, G S. 1984. Cis-acting, recombination-stimulating activity in a fragment of the ribosomal DNA of _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_.


_Cell_, 39, 377–386. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kidd, S J, and Glover, D M. 1980. A DNA segment from _Drosophila melanogaster_ which contains five tandemly repeating units


homologous to the major rDNA insertion. _Cell_, 19, 103–119. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kohorn, B D, and Rae, P M M. 1982. Non-transcribed spacer sequences promote _in vitro_


transcription of _Drosophila melanogaster_ ribosomal DNA. _Nucl Acids Res_, 10, 6879–6886. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Kunz, W, Petersen, G, Renkawitz-Pohl, R,


Glatzer, K H, and Schafer, M. 1981. Distribution of spacer length classes and the intervening sequence among different nucleolus organizers in _Drosophila hydei_. _Chromosoma_, 83, 145–158.


Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Livak, K. 1984. Organization and mapping of a sequence on the _Drosophila melanogaster_ X and Y chromosomes that is transcribed during


spermatogenesis. _Genetics_, 107, 611–634. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Long, E O, Collins, M, Kiefer, B I, and Dawid, I B. 1981. Expression of the ribosomal DNA insertions


in bobbed mutants of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Mol Gen Genet_, 182, 377–384. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Maddern, R H. 1981. Exchange between ribosomal RNA genes of the X and


Y chromosomes of _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Genet Res_, 38, 1–7. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Maniatis, T, Fritsch, E F, and Sambrook, J. 1982. _Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory


Manual_. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Google Scholar  * Mendez, A M, Collins, F H, and Finnerty, V. 1988. Organization of the 28S gene intron of rDNA in _Anopheles gambiae_. (Manuscript in


preparation). * Michelson, A M, and Orkin, S H. 1983. Boundaries of gene conversion within the duplicated human a-globin genes: concerted evolution by segmental recombination. _J Biol


Chem_, 258, 15245–15254. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Morzycka-Wroblewska, E, Selker, E U, Stevens, J N, and Metzenberg, R L. 1985. Concerted evolution of dispersed Neurospora crassa 58


RNA genes: pattern of sequence conservation between allelic and nonallelic genes. _Mol Cell Biol_, 5, 46–51. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T. 1983. On the


evolution of multigene families. _Theor Pop Biol_, 23, 216–240. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T, and Dover, G A. 1983. Population genetics of multigene families that are dispersed


into two or more chromosomes. _Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)_, 80, 4079–4083. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ohta, T, and Dover, G A. 1984. The cohesive population genetics of molecular drive.


_Genetics_, 108, 501–521. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Peacock, W J, Appels, R, Endow, S, and Glover, D M. 1981. Chromosomal distribution of the major insert in _Drosophila


melanogaster_ 28S rRNA genes. _Genet Res_, 37, 204–214. Article  Google Scholar  * Pichersky, E, Bernatzky, R, Tanksley, S D, and Cashmore, A R. 1986. Evidence for selection as a mechanism


in the concerted evolution of _Lycopersicon esculentum_ (tomato) genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. _Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA)_, 83,


3880–3884. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Reeder, R J. 1984. Enhancers and ribosomal gene spacers. _Cell_, 38, 349–351. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roiha, H, and Glover, D M.


1980. Characterization of complete type II insertions in cloned segments of ribosomal DNA from _Drosophila melanogaster_. _J Mol Biol_, 140, 341–355. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *


Roiha, H, Miller, J R, Woods, L C, and Glover, D M. 1981. Arrangements and rearrangements of sequence flanking the two types of rDNA insertion in _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Nature_, 290,


749–753. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Roiha, H, Read, C A, Browne, M J, and Glover, D M. 1983. Widely differing degrees of sequence conservation of the two types of rDNA insertion


within the _melanogaster_ species subgroup of _Drosophila_. _EMBO J_, 2, 721–726. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Salzano, G, and Malva, C. 1984. Non-random loss of


uninterrupted ribosomal DNA repeating units upon induction of a bobbed mutation. _J Mol Biol_, 177, 189–200. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schimenti, J C, and Duncan, C H. 1985.


Concerted evolution of the cow beta-globin genes. _Mol Biol Evol_, 2, 505–513. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Service, M W. 1985. _Anopheles gambiae:_ Africa's principal malaria vector,


1902–1984 _Bull Entomol Soc Am, Fall_, 8–12. Article  Google Scholar  * Southern, E. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. _J Mol


Biol_, 98, 503–517. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Strachan, T, Coen, E, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1982. Modes and rates of change of complex DNA families of _Drosophila_. _J Mol


Biol_, 158, 37–54. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Strachan, T, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1985. Transition stages of molecular drive in multi-copy DNA families in _Drosophila_. _EMBO


J_, 4, 1701–1708. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, and Dover, G A. 1986. Transcription of the tandem array of ribosomal DNA of _Drosophila melanogaster_ does


not terminate at any fixed point. _EMBO J_, 5, 1267–1273. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, Tautz, C, Webb, D, and Dover, G A. 1987. Evolutionary divergence


of promoters and spacers in the rDNA family of four _Drosophila_ species. _J Mol Biol_, 195, 425–542. Article  Google Scholar  * Tautz, D, Trick, M, and Dover, G A. 1986. Cryptic simplicity


in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. _Nature_, 322, 652–656. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Treco, D, Brownell, E, and Arnheim, N. 1982. The ribosomal gene nontranscribed


spacer. _Cell Nucl_, 12, 101–126. CAS  Google Scholar  * Vieira, J, and Messing, J. 1982. The pUC plasmids, an Mal3mp7-derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic


universal primers. _Gene_, 19, 259–268. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Williams, S M, Desalle, R, and Strobeck, C. 1985. Homogenization of geographical variants at the


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AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * Denson Kelly McLain Present address: Department of Biology, Georgia Southern College, Statesboro, GA, 30460, U.S.A. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Division of


Parastitic Diseases, Malaria Branch, Center for Infection Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, 30333, GA, USA Denson Kelly McLain & Frank H Collins Authors * Denson Kelly


McLain View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Frank H Collins View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google


Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE McLain, D., Collins, F. Structure of rDNA in the mosquito _Anopheles gambiae_ and rDNA sequence


variation within and between species of the _A. gambiae_ complex. _Heredity_ 62, 233–242 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1989.33 Download citation * Received: 01 August 1988 * Issue


Date: 01 April 1989 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1989.33 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a


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