ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Growth trajectories have shown to be related to obesity and metabolic risks in later life, however body mass index (BMI) trajectories according to the presence or

absence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its parameters in adulthood are scarce in literature. OBJECTIVES: To investigate BMI trajectories during childhood in relation to MS and its parameters

in adult age. METHODS: A total of 1919 subjects (43.4% male, 20–60 y) participated in this retrospective cohort study. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), blood glucose, high-density

lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure were measured at adulthood. Childhood weight and height were collected retrospectively from health booklets. Differences between BMI

to lower WC, at all ages (all _P_<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BMI growth curves differ according to the presence or not of MS at adulthood, but differences only appeared after the age of 4 years.

Changes vary according to the MS parameters considered. Deviation of the MS-associated BMI curve from normal pattern could correspond to alteration in body composition. These differences in

BMI trajectories during childhood support the theory of an early origin of the MS, justifying early prevention. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of

subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $259.00 per year only

$21.58 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS TRAJECTORY OF BODY MASS INDEX

AND HEIGHT CHANGES FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE: A NATIONWIDE BIRTH COHORT IN JAPAN Article Open access 26 November 2021 LONGITUDINAL ASSOCIATION OF A BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) GENETIC RISK

SCORE WITH GROWTH AND BMI CHANGES ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE: THE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN YOUNG FINNS STUDY Article 03 June 2020 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE TIMING, INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE OF

ADOLESCENT GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION IN EARLY ADULTHOOD Article Open access 13 June 2023 REFERENCES * World Health Organization (WHO). Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases

2014. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 2014, p 302.. * Dulloo AG, Antic V, Yang Z, Montani JP . Propellers of growth trajectories to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. _Int J

Obes_ 2006; 30 (Suppl 4): S1–S3. Article  Google Scholar  * Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA _et al_. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim

statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation;

International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. _Circulation_ 2009; 120: 1640–1645. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Owen CG, Whincup

PH, Orfei L, Chou QA, Rudnicka AR, Wathern AK _et al_. Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies. _Int J

Obes_ 2009; 33: 866–877. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bays HE . Adiposopathy is ‘sick fat’ a cardiovascular disease? _J Am Coll Cardiol_ 2011; 57: 2461–2473. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google

Scholar  * Börnhorst C, Tilling K, Russo P, Kourides Y, Michels N, Molnár D _et al_. Associations between early body mass index trajectories and later metabolic risk factors in European

children: the IDEFICS study. _Eur J Epidemiol_ 2015; 31: 513–525. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Mehta JL . Metabolic syndrome: does it differ between women and

men? _Cardiovasc Drugs Ther_ 2015; 29: 329–338. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Eriksson JG, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Forsén TJ, Barker DJ . Patterns of growth among children who later

develop type 2 diabetes or its risk factors. _Diabetologia_ 2006; 49: 2853–2858. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hales CN, Barker DJ . The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. _Br Med

Bull_ 2001; 60: 5–20. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger M, Maillot M, Bellisle F . Early adiposity rebound: causes and consequences for obesity in children

and adults. _Int J Obes_ 2006; 30 (Suppl 4): S11–S17. Article  Google Scholar  * Hanley B, Dijane J, Fewtrell M, Grynberg A, Hummel S, Junien C _et al_. Metabolic imprinting, programming

and epigenetics - a review of present priorities and future opportunities. _Br J Nutr_ 2010; 104 (Suppl 1): S1–25. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera MF, Sempé M,

Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E, Péquignot-Guggenbuhl F, Fautrad V . Adiposity indices in children. _Am J Clin Nutr_ 1982; 36: 178–184. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera

MF, Akrout M, Péneau S. History and meaning of the body mass index. Interest of other anthropometric measurements. In: Frelut ML (ed.). The ECOG’s eBook on Child and Adolescent Obesity,

European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG). Belgium. 2015. Available at:

ecog-obesity.eu/chapter-growth-charts-body-composition/history-meaning-body-mass-index-interest-anthropometric-measurements/.. * Eriksson JG . Early growth and coronary heart disease and

type 2 diabetes: findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS). _Am J Clin Nutr_ 2011; 94 (6 Suppl): 1799S–1802S. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera MF, Deheeger

M, Bellisle F, Sempé M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E . Adiposity rebound in children: a simple indicator for predicting obesity. _Am J Clin Nutr_ 1984; 39: 129–135. Article  CAS  PubMed 

Google Scholar  * Sovio U, Kaakinen M, Tzoulaki I, Das S, Ruokonen A, Pouta A _et al_. How do changes in body mass index in infancy and childhood associate with cardiometabolic profile in

adulthood? Findings from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study. _Int J Obes_ 2014; 38: 53–59. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Koyama S, Ichikawa G, Kojima M, Shimura N, Sairenchi T,

Arisaka O . Adiposity rebound and the development of metabolic syndrome. _Pediatrics_ 2014; 133: e114–e119. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Péneau S, González-Carrascosa R, Gusto G, Goxe

D, Lantieri O, Fezeu L _et al_. Age at adiposity rebound: determinants and association with nutritional status and the metabolic syndrome at adulthood. _Int J Obes_ 2016; 40: 1150–1156.

Article  Google Scholar  * Hales CN, Barker DJP . Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. _Diabetologia_ 1992; 35: 595–601. Article  CAS  PubMed 

Google Scholar  * Eriksson JG, Forsén T, Tuomilehto J, Osmond C, Barker DJ . Early growth and coronary heart disease in later life: longitudinal study. _BMJ_ 2001; 322: 949–953. Article  CAS

  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Bhargava SK, Sachdev HS, Fall CH, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Barker DJ _et al_. Relation of serial changes in childhood body-mass index to impaired

glucose tolerance in young adulthood. _N Engl J Med_ 2004; 350: 865–875. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Ekelund U, Ong KK, Linné Y, Neovius M, Brage S, Dunger DB _et

al_. Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults. _J Clin Endocrinol Metab_ 2007; 92: 98–103. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Howe

LD, Tilling K, Benfield L, Logue J, Sattar N, Ness AR _et al_. Changes in ponderal index and body mass index across childhood and their associations with fat mass and cardiovascular risk

factors at age 15. _PLoS ONE_ 2010; 5: e15186. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Liem ET, van Buuren S, Sauer PJ, Jaspers M, Stolk RP, Reijneveld SA . Growth during infancy

and childhood, and adiposity at age 16 years: ages 2 to 7 years are pivotal. _J Pediatr_ 2013; 162: 287–92.e2. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Ventura AK, Loken E, Birch LL .

Developmental trajectories of girls' BMI across childhood and adolescence. _Obesity (Silver Spring)_ 2009; 17: 2067–2074. Article  Google Scholar  * Huang RC, de Klerk NH, Smith A,

Kendall GE, Landau LI, Mori TA _et al_. Lifecourse childhood adiposity trajectories associated with adolescent insulin resistance. _Diabetes Care_ 2011; 34: 1019–1025. Article  PubMed 

PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Ziyab AH, Karmaus W, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Zhang H, Arshad SH . Developmental trajectories of body mass index from infancy to 18 years of age: prenatal

determinants and health consequences. _J Epidemiol Community Health_ 2014; 68: 934–941. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Fall CH, Sachdev HS, Osmond C, Lakshmy R, Biswas SD, Prabhakaran D

_et al_New Delhi Birth Cohort. Adult metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with different patterns of BMI gain during infancy: data from the New Delhi Birth

Cohort. _Diabetes Care_ 2008; 31: 2349–2356. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Bihan H, Laurent S, Sass C, Nguyen G, Huot C, Moulin JJ _et al_. Association among individual

deprivation, glycemic control, and diabetes complications: the EPICES score. _Diabetes Care_ 2005; 28: 2680–2685. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bulik CM, Wade TD, Heath AC, Martin NG,

Stunkard AJ, Eaves LJ . Relating body mass index to figural stimuli: population-based normative data for Caucasians. _Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord_ 2001; 25: 1517–1524. Article  CAS  PubMed

  Google Scholar  * Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R . Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics Books: Champaign, IL, USA p 177 1988. * Friedewald WT, Levy RI,

Fredrickson DS . Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. _Clin Chem_ 1972; 18: 499–502. CAS  PubMed

  Google Scholar  * Ylihärsilä H, Kajantie E, Osmond C, Forsén T, Barker DJ, Eriksson JG . Body mass index during childhood and adult body composition in men and women aged 56-70 y. _Am J

Clin Nutr_ 2008; 87: 1769–1775. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera MF, Péneau S . Growth trajectories associated with adult obesity. _World Rev Nutr Diet_ 2013; 106: 127–134.

PubMed  Google Scholar  * Knittle JL, Timmers K, Ginsberg-Fellner F, Brown RE, Katz DP . The growth of adipose tissue in children and adolescents. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

of adipose cell number and size. _J Clin Invest_ 1979; 63: 239–246. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Bouhours-Nouet N, Dufresne S, de Casson FB, Mathieu E, Douay O,

Gatelais F _et al_. High birth weight and early postnatal weight gain protect obese children and adolescents from truncal adiposity and insulin resistance: metabolically healthy but obese

subjects? _Diabetes Care_ 2008; 31: 1031–1036. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Whitaker RC, Pepe MS, Wright JA, Seidel KD, Dietz WH . Early adiposity rebound and the risk of adult

obesity. _Pediatrics_ 1998; 101: E5. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rolland-Cachera MF, Maillot M, Deheeger M, Souberbielle JC, Péneau S, Hercberg S . Association of nutrition in

early life with body fat and serum leptin at adult age. _Int J Obes_ 2013; 37: 1116–1122. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Michaelsen KF, Jørgensen MH . Dietary fat content and energy density

during infancy and childhood: the effect on energy intake and growth. _Eur J Clin Nutr_ 1995; 49: 467–483. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Chivers P, Hands B, Parker H, Bulsara M, Beilin LJ,

Kendall GE _et al_. Body mass index, adiposity rebound and early feeding in a longitudinal cohort (Raine Study). _Int J Obes_ 2010; 34: 1169–1176. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *

Rolland-Cachera MF, Scaglioni S. Role of nutrients in promoting adiposity development. In: Frelut ML (ed.). The ECOG’s eBook on Child and Adolescent Obesity, European Childhood Obesity Group

(ECOG). Belgium. 2015. Available at: ebook.ecog-obesity.eu/chapter-nutrition-food-choices-eating-behavior/role-nutrients-promoting-adiposity-development/.. * Michaelsen KF, Greer FR .

Protein needs early in life and long-term health. _Am J Clin Nutr_ 2014; 99: 718S–722S. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Singhal A, Lucas A . Early origins of cardiovascular disease:

is there a unifying hypothesis? _Lancet_ 2004; 363: 1642–1645. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Barker DJ, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG . Growth and chronic disease: findings in the

Helsinki Birth Cohort. _Ann Hum Biol_ 2009; 36: 445–458. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Montani JP . Pathways from weight fluctuations to metabolic diseases: focus

on maladaptive thermogenesis during catch-up fat. _Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord_ 2002; 26 (Suppl 2): S46–S57. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Monteiro PO, Victora CG . Rapid growth

in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life – a systematic review. _Obes Rev_ 2005; 6: 143–154. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Leunissen RW, Kerkhof GF, Stijnen T,

Hokken-Koelega A . Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood. _JAMA_ 2009; 301: 2234–2242. Article  CAS  PubMed

  Google Scholar  * Skinner AC, Mayer ML, Flower K, Perrin EM, Weinberger M . Using BMI to determine cardiovascular risk in childhood: how do the BMI cutoffs fare? _Pediatrics_ 2009; 124:

e905–e912. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Taylor RW, Goulding A, Lewis-Barned NJ, Williams SM . Rate of fat gain is faster in girls undergoing early adiposity rebound. _Obes Res_ 2004;

12: 1228–1230. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Falaschetti E, Hingorani AD, Jones A, Charakida M, Finer N, Whincup P _et al_. Adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in a large

contemporary population of pre-pubertal children. _Eur Heart J_ 2010; 31: 3063–3072. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Czernichow S, Vergnaud AC, Maillard-Teyssier L,

Peneau S, Bertrais S, Méjean C _et al_. Trends in the prevalence of obesity in employed adults in central-western France: a population-based study, 1995-2005. _Prev Med_ 2009; 48: 262–266.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to the participants for their involvement in the study. We thank Véronique Gourlet for data management

and statistical analyses. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS KVG supervised statistical analyses, interpreted data and drafted the manuscript. M-FR-C designed the protocol, interpreted the data and

critically revised the manuscript. GG, DG and OL collected the data and critically revised the manuscript. SH designed the protocol and critically revised the manuscript. SP designed the

protocol, supervised statistical analyses, interpreted data and critically revised the manuscript. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Paris 13 University, Nutritional Epidemiology

Research Team, French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Inserm) U1153, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (Inra) U1125, French National Conservatory of

Arts and Crafts (CNAM), Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Bobigny, France K V Giudici, M-F Rolland-Cachera, S Hercberg & S Péneau * Institut inter-Régional pour la Santé (IRSA), La Riche,

France G Gusto, D Goxe & O Lantieri * Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, USEN (Unité de surveillance et d’épidémiologie nutritionnelle), Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS),

Bobigny,, France S Hercberg * Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France S Hercberg Authors * K V Giudici View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * M-F Rolland-Cachera View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * G Gusto View author publications You can also search for

this author inPubMed Google Scholar * D Goxe View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * O Lantieri View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * S Hercberg View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * S Péneau View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to S Péneau. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no conflict of interest. RIGHTS

AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Giudici, K., Rolland-Cachera, MF., Gusto, G. _et al._ Body mass index growth trajectories associated with the

different parameters of the metabolic syndrome at adulthood. _Int J Obes_ 41, 1518–1525 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.119 Download citation * Received: 01 August 2016 * Revised:

14 April 2017 * Accepted: 03 May 2017 * Published: 22 May 2017 * Issue Date: October 2017 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.119 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link

with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt

content-sharing initiative