ABSTRACT In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play pivotal parts in

the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut

microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the

mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota–host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for

Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional

subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS MICROBIAL MODULATION OF INTESTINAL T HELPER CELL RESPONSES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE AND

THERAPY Article 13 August 2020 REGULATION OF TISSUE-RESIDENT MEMORY T CELLS BY THE MICROBIOTA Article 22 February 2022 ILC3S SELECT MICROBIOTA-SPECIFIC REGULATORY T CELLS TO ESTABLISH

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Sci. USA_ 108, 5354–5359 (2011). Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by: grants from the Japan Agency for

Medical Research and Development (AMED) and the Takeda Science Foundation (K.H.); US National Institutes of Health grant RO1DK103358 and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.R.L.). AUTHOR

INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan Kenya Honda * RIKEN Center for

Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan Kenya Honda * AMED-CREST, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan Kenya Honda * The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center

for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, New York, USA Dan R. Littman * The Howard Hughes Medical

Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, New York, USA Dan R. Littman Authors * Kenya Honda View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar * Dan R. Littman View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to Kenya Honda or Dan R. Littman.

ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors are scientific co-founders and consultants for Vedanta Biosciences, which specializes in microbiome-based therapeutics. ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com.reprints. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Honda, K.,

Littman, D. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. _Nature_ 535, 75–84 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18848 Download citation * Received: 21 February 2016 *

Accepted: 25 April 2016 * Published: 06 July 2016 * Issue Date: 07 July 2016 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18848 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be

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