Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains

Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains

Play all audios:

Loading...

ABSTRACT Quantitative trait loci mapping was used to identify the chromosomal location of genes which contribute to oral morphine preference (in a two–bottle choice paradigm) of C57BL/6J mice, compared to DBA/2J mice. An F2 intercross of these two strains (606 mice) was phenotyped for morphine preference and those mice demonstrating extreme values for morphine consumption (the highest and lowest 7.7%) were genotyped for 157 murine microsatellite polymorphisms. Maximum likelihood methods revealed three loci on murine chromosomes 1, 6 and 10 which are responsible for nearly 85% of the genetic variance observed between the two parental strains. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INBREEDING IN WILD HOUSE MICE (_MUS MUSCULUS_) AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC SCALES Article 28 June 2022 GENETIC VARIATION REGULATES OPIOID-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION IN MICE Article Open access 11 September 2020 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENETIC LOCI AND CANDIDATE GENES FOR PROGRESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN DIVERSITY OUTBRED MICE Article Open access 29 June 2024 REFERENCES * Rounsaville, B.J. _et al_. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with opiate addiction. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 48, 33–42 (1991). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mirin, S.M., Weiss, R.D., Sollogub, A. & Michael, J. in _Substance Abuse and Psychopathology_ 75–106 (American Psychiatry Association Press, Washington, D.C., 1984). Google Scholar  * Cadoret, R.J., Troughton, E., O'Gorman, T.W. & Heywood, E. An adoption study of genetic and environmental factors in drug abuse. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 43, 1131–1138 (1986). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Rounsaville, B.J. _et al_. Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 46, 43–51 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Kosten, T., Gawin, F., Rounsaville, R. & Kleber, H. Cocaine abuse among opioid addicts: Demographic and diagnostic factors in treatment. _Am. J. drug alc. Abuse_ 12, 1–16 (1986). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * McClearn, G.E. & Rogers, D.A. Differences in alcohol preference among inbred strains of mice. _Quant. J. Stud. Alc._ 20, 691–695 (1959). Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K., Crabbe, J.C., Riggan, J. & O'Toole, L.A. Voluntary consumption of morphine in 15 inbred mouse strains. _Psychopharmacology_ 112, 352–358 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Alexander, R.C., Duda, J., Vogel, W. & Berrettini, W.H. Morphine and cocaine preference in inbred mice. _Psychiat. Genet._ 3, 33–37 (1993). Article  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. Physical dependence induced by the voluntary consumption of morphine in inbred mice. _Pharmacol. biochem. Behav._ 35, 311–315 (1990). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Horowitz, G.P., Whitney, G., Smith, J.C. & Stephen, F.K. Morphine ingestion: Genetic control in mice. _Psychopharmacology_ 52, 119–122 (1977). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Berrettini, W.H., Alexander, R., Ferraro, T.N. & Vogel, W.H. A study of morphine preference In inbred mouse strains. _Psychiat. Genet_. (in the press). * Brase, D.A., Loh, H.H. & Way, W.L. Comparison of the effects of morphine on locomotor activity, analgesia and primary and protracted physical dependence in six mouse strains. _J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther._ 210, 368–374 (1977). Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K., Noordewier, B. & Lame, M. Genetic dissociation of multiple morphine effects among C57BL/7J, DBA/2J and CSH/HeJ inbred mouse strains. _Physiol. Behav._ 46, 69–74 (1989). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * George, F.R., Elmer, G.I., Meisch, R.A. & Goldberg, S.R. Orally delivered cocaine functions as a positive reinforcer in C57BL/6J mice. _Pharmacol. biochem. Behav._ 38, 897–903 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Elmer, G.I., Meisch, R.A. & George, F.R. Mouse strain differences in operant self-administration of ethanol. _Behav. Genet._ 17, 439–451 (1987). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Elmer, G.I., Peiper, J.O., Goldberg, S.R. & George, F.R. Operant opioid self-administration: analgesia, stimulation and respiratory depression in mu deficient mice. _Psychopharmacology_ (in the press). * Phillips, T.J., Belknap, J.K. & Crabbe, J.C. Use of recombinant inbred strains to assess vulnerability to drug abuse at the genetic level. _J. addict. Dis._ 19, 73–87 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Crabbe, J.C., Kosobud, A., Young, E.R. & Janowsky, J. Polygenic and single-gene determination of responses to ethanol in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred animals. _Neurobehav. Toxol. Teratol._ 5, 181–187 (1983). CAS  Google Scholar  * Plomin, R. & McClearn, G.E. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses and alcohol-related behaviors. _Behav. Genet._ 23, 197–211 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Plomin, R., McClearn, G.E. & Gora-Maslak, G. Use of recombinant inbred strains to detect quantitative trait loci associated with behavior. _Behav. Genet._ 21, 99–116 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Gora-Maskak, G., McClearn, G.E., Crabbe, J.C., Phillips, R.J., Belknap, J.K. & Plomin, R. Use of recombinant inbred strains to identify quantitative trait loci in Psychopharmacology. _Psychopharmacology_ 104, 413–424 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * George, F.R. Genetic models in the study of alcoholism and substance abuse mechanisms. _Neuro-psychopharmacol. biol. Psychiatr._ 17, 345–361 (1993). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lander, E.S. & Botstein, D. Mapping Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. _Genetics_ 121, 185–199 (1989). CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Jacob, H.J. _et al_. Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. _Cell_ 647, 213–224 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Hilbert, P. _et al_. Chromosomal mapping of two genetic loci associated with blood-pressure regulation in hereditary hypertensive rats. _Nature_ 353, 521–529 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dietrich, W.F. _et al_. Genetic identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced Intestinal neoplasia In the mouse. _Cell_ 75, 631–639 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rise, M.L., Frankel, W.N., Coffin, J.M. & Seyfried, T.N. Genes for epilepsy mapped in the mouse. _Science_ 254, 669–673 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Waller, M.B., McBride, W.J., Lumeng, L., Gaff, T.M. & Li, T.-K. Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol by the P and NP lines of rats. _Science_ 225, 78–80 (1984). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Froehlich, J.C. & Li, T.-K. Animal models for the study of alcoholism: utility of selected lines. _J. add. Dis._ 10, 61–71 (1991). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neumann, P.E. Inference in linkage analysis of multifactorial traits using recombinant inbred strains of mice. _Behav. Genet._ 22, 665–676 (1992). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. Emperical estimates of Bonferroni corrections for use in chromosome mapping studies with the BXD recombinant inbred strains. _Behav. Genet._ 22, 677–684 (1992). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lush, I.E. The genetics of tasting in mice. III.Quinine. _Genet. Res._ 44, 151–160 (1984). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Fuller, J.L. Single locus control of saccharin preference in mice. _J. Hered._ 65, 33–36 (1974). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. _et al_. Single locus control of saccharin intake in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred (Rl) mice: some methodological implications for Rl strain analysis. _Behav. Genet._ 22, 81–100 (1992). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lahiri, D.K. & Nurnberger, Jr., J.I. A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNAfrom blood for RFLP studies. _Nucl. Acids Res._ 19, 5444 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Dietrich, W. _et al_. A genetic map of the mouse suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. _Genetics_ 131, 423–447 (1992). CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Copeland, N.G. _et al_. A genetic linkage map of the mouse. _Science_ 262, 57–66 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Berrettini, W.H. _et al_. Genomic screening for genes predisposing to bipolar disease. _Psychiat. Genet._ 2, 191–208 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Lander, E.S. _et al_. MAPMAKER: An interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. _Genomes_ 1, 174–181 (1987). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Paterson, A.H. _et al_. Inheritance and evolution of Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in interspecles crosses of tomato. _Genetics_ 127, 181–197 (1991). CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Paterson, A.H. _et al_. Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using acomplete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. _Nature_ 335, 721–725 (1988). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA Wade H. Berrettini, Thomas N. Ferraro & Robert C. Alexander * Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA Arthur M. Buchberg * Department of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA Wolfgang H. Vogel Authors * Wade H. Berrettini View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Thomas N. Ferraro View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Robert C. Alexander View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Arthur M. Buchberg View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Wolfgang H. Vogel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Berrettini, W., Ferraro, T., Alexander, R. _et al._ Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains. _Nat Genet_ 7, 54–58 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0594-54 Download citation * Received: 03 November 1993 * Accepted: 25 February 1994 * Issue Date: 01 May 1994 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0594-54 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

ABSTRACT Quantitative trait loci mapping was used to identify the chromosomal location of genes which contribute to oral morphine preference (in a two–bottle choice paradigm) of C57BL/6J


mice, compared to DBA/2J mice. An F2 intercross of these two strains (606 mice) was phenotyped for morphine preference and those mice demonstrating extreme values for morphine consumption


(the highest and lowest 7.7%) were genotyped for 157 murine microsatellite polymorphisms. Maximum likelihood methods revealed three loci on murine chromosomes 1, 6 and 10 which are


responsible for nearly 85% of the genetic variance observed between the two parental strains. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content,


access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn


more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS


OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INBREEDING IN WILD


HOUSE MICE (_MUS MUSCULUS_) AT DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHIC SCALES Article 28 June 2022 GENETIC VARIATION REGULATES OPIOID-INDUCED RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION IN MICE Article Open access 11 September


2020 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL GENETIC LOCI AND CANDIDATE GENES FOR PROGRESSIVE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN DIVERSITY OUTBRED MICE Article Open access 29 June 2024 REFERENCES * Rounsaville, B.J.


_et al_. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with opiate addiction. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 48, 33–42 (1991). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mirin, S.M., Weiss, R.D., Sollogub, A.


& Michael, J. in _Substance Abuse and Psychopathology_ 75–106 (American Psychiatry Association Press, Washington, D.C., 1984). Google Scholar  * Cadoret, R.J., Troughton, E.,


O'Gorman, T.W. & Heywood, E. An adoption study of genetic and environmental factors in drug abuse. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 43, 1131–1138 (1986). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Rounsaville, B.J. _et al_. Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. _Arch. gen. Psych._ 46, 43–51 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Kosten, T., Gawin, F., Rounsaville, R.


& Kleber, H. Cocaine abuse among opioid addicts: Demographic and diagnostic factors in treatment. _Am. J. drug alc. Abuse_ 12, 1–16 (1986). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * McClearn,


G.E. & Rogers, D.A. Differences in alcohol preference among inbred strains of mice. _Quant. J. Stud. Alc._ 20, 691–695 (1959). Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K., Crabbe, J.C., Riggan, J.


& O'Toole, L.A. Voluntary consumption of morphine in 15 inbred mouse strains. _Psychopharmacology_ 112, 352–358 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Alexander, R.C.,


Duda, J., Vogel, W. & Berrettini, W.H. Morphine and cocaine preference in inbred mice. _Psychiat. Genet._ 3, 33–37 (1993). Article  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. Physical dependence


induced by the voluntary consumption of morphine in inbred mice. _Pharmacol. biochem. Behav._ 35, 311–315 (1990). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Horowitz, G.P., Whitney, G., Smith,


J.C. & Stephen, F.K. Morphine ingestion: Genetic control in mice. _Psychopharmacology_ 52, 119–122 (1977). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Berrettini, W.H., Alexander, R.,


Ferraro, T.N. & Vogel, W.H. A study of morphine preference In inbred mouse strains. _Psychiat. Genet_. (in the press). * Brase, D.A., Loh, H.H. & Way, W.L. Comparison of the effects


of morphine on locomotor activity, analgesia and primary and protracted physical dependence in six mouse strains. _J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther._ 210, 368–374 (1977). Google Scholar  * Belknap,


J.K., Noordewier, B. & Lame, M. Genetic dissociation of multiple morphine effects among C57BL/7J, DBA/2J and CSH/HeJ inbred mouse strains. _Physiol. Behav._ 46, 69–74 (1989). Article 


CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * George, F.R., Elmer, G.I., Meisch, R.A. & Goldberg, S.R. Orally delivered cocaine functions as a positive reinforcer in C57BL/6J mice. _Pharmacol. biochem.


Behav._ 38, 897–903 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Elmer, G.I., Meisch, R.A. & George, F.R. Mouse strain differences in operant self-administration of ethanol. _Behav.


Genet._ 17, 439–451 (1987). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Elmer, G.I., Peiper, J.O., Goldberg, S.R. & George, F.R. Operant opioid self-administration: analgesia, stimulation


and respiratory depression in mu deficient mice. _Psychopharmacology_ (in the press). * Phillips, T.J., Belknap, J.K. & Crabbe, J.C. Use of recombinant inbred strains to assess


vulnerability to drug abuse at the genetic level. _J. addict. Dis._ 19, 73–87 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Crabbe, J.C., Kosobud, A., Young, E.R. & Janowsky, J. Polygenic and


single-gene determination of responses to ethanol in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred animals. _Neurobehav. Toxol. Teratol._ 5, 181–187 (1983). CAS  Google Scholar  * Plomin, R. & McClearn,


G.E. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses and alcohol-related behaviors. _Behav. Genet._ 23, 197–211 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Plomin, R., McClearn, G.E. &


Gora-Maslak, G. Use of recombinant inbred strains to detect quantitative trait loci associated with behavior. _Behav. Genet._ 21, 99–116 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *


Gora-Maskak, G., McClearn, G.E., Crabbe, J.C., Phillips, R.J., Belknap, J.K. & Plomin, R. Use of recombinant inbred strains to identify quantitative trait loci in Psychopharmacology.


_Psychopharmacology_ 104, 413–424 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * George, F.R. Genetic models in the study of alcoholism and substance abuse mechanisms. _Neuro-psychopharmacol. biol.


Psychiatr._ 17, 345–361 (1993). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lander, E.S. & Botstein, D. Mapping Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. _Genetics_


121, 185–199 (1989). CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Jacob, H.J. _et al_. Genetic mapping of a gene causing hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat.


_Cell_ 647, 213–224 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Hilbert, P. _et al_. Chromosomal mapping of two genetic loci associated with blood-pressure regulation in hereditary hypertensive rats.


_Nature_ 353, 521–529 (1991). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dietrich, W.F. _et al_. Genetic identification of Mom-1, a major modifier locus affecting Min-induced Intestinal


neoplasia In the mouse. _Cell_ 75, 631–639 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Rise, M.L., Frankel, W.N., Coffin, J.M. & Seyfried, T.N. Genes for epilepsy mapped in the


mouse. _Science_ 254, 669–673 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Waller, M.B., McBride, W.J., Lumeng, L., Gaff, T.M. & Li, T.-K. Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol by the P and NP


lines of rats. _Science_ 225, 78–80 (1984). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Froehlich, J.C. & Li, T.-K. Animal models for the study of alcoholism: utility of selected lines. _J.


add. Dis._ 10, 61–71 (1991). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neumann, P.E. Inference in linkage analysis of multifactorial traits using recombinant inbred strains of mice. _Behav. Genet._


22, 665–676 (1992). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. Emperical estimates of Bonferroni corrections for use in chromosome mapping studies with the BXD recombinant inbred


strains. _Behav. Genet._ 22, 677–684 (1992). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lush, I.E. The genetics of tasting in mice. III.Quinine. _Genet. Res._ 44, 151–160 (1984). Article  CAS 


PubMed  Google Scholar  * Fuller, J.L. Single locus control of saccharin preference in mice. _J. Hered._ 65, 33–36 (1974). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Belknap, J.K. _et al_.


Single locus control of saccharin intake in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred (Rl) mice: some methodological implications for Rl strain analysis. _Behav. Genet._ 22, 81–100 (1992). Article  CAS 


PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lahiri, D.K. & Nurnberger, Jr., J.I. A rapid non-enzymatic method for the preparation of HMW DNAfrom blood for RFLP studies. _Nucl. Acids Res._ 19, 5444 (1991).


Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Dietrich, W. _et al_. A genetic map of the mouse suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. _Genetics_ 131, 423–447 (1992). CAS 


PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Copeland, N.G. _et al_. A genetic linkage map of the mouse. _Science_ 262, 57–66 (1993). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Berrettini, W.H.


_et al_. Genomic screening for genes predisposing to bipolar disease. _Psychiat. Genet._ 2, 191–208 (1991). Article  Google Scholar  * Lander, E.S. _et al_. MAPMAKER: An interactive computer


package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations. _Genomes_ 1, 174–181 (1987). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Paterson, A.H. _et al_.


Inheritance and evolution of Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in interspecles crosses of tomato. _Genetics_ 127, 181–197 (1991). CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 


* Paterson, A.H. _et al_. Resolution of quantitative traits into Mendelian factors by using acomplete linkage map of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. _Nature_ 335, 721–725 (1988).


Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Thomas Jefferson University,


Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA Wade H. Berrettini, Thomas N. Ferraro & Robert C. Alexander * Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,


19107, USA Arthur M. Buchberg * Department of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA Wolfgang H. Vogel Authors * Wade H. Berrettini View author


publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Thomas N. Ferraro View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Robert C.


Alexander View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Arthur M. Buchberg View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 


Google Scholar * Wolfgang H. Vogel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE


CITE THIS ARTICLE Berrettini, W., Ferraro, T., Alexander, R. _et al._ Quantitative trait loci mapping of three loci controlling morphine preference using inbred mouse strains. _Nat Genet_ 7,


54–58 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0594-54 Download citation * Received: 03 November 1993 * Accepted: 25 February 1994 * Issue Date: 01 May 1994 * DOI:


https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0594-54 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently


available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative