ABSTRACT The adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation (ABO) has been the standard ansatz to describe the interaction between electrons and nuclei since the early days of quantum

mechanics1,2. ABO assumes that the lighter electrons adjust adiabatically to the motion of the heavier nuclei, remaining at any time in their instantaneous ground state. ABO is well

justified when the energy gap between ground and excited electronic states is larger than the energy scale of the nuclear motion. In metals, the gap is zero and phenomena beyond ABO (such as

phonon-mediated superconductivity or phonon-induced renormalization of the electronic properties) occur3. The use of ABO to describe lattice motion in metals is, therefore, questionable4,5.

gate voltage13,15, _V_g. This induces a stiffening of the Raman G peak that cannot be described within ABO. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of

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PSEUDOSPIN-SPIN ENTANGLEMENT Article Open access 18 November 2022 NON-TRIVIAL QUANTUM GEOMETRY AND THE STRENGTH OF ELECTRON–PHONON COUPLING Article 27 May 2024 ON THE FORBIDDEN GRAPHENE’S ZO

(OUT-OF-PLANE OPTIC) PHONONIC BAND-ANALOG VIBRATIONAL MODES IN FULLERENES Article Open access 05 July 2021 REFERENCES * Born, M. & Oppenheimer, J. R. Zur quantentheorie der molekeln.

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_Phys. Rev. B_ 75, 035427 (2007). Article  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank P. Kim and A. Pinczuk for useful discussions and for sending us a preprint

of ref. 18. A.C.F. acknowledges funding from the Royal Society and The Leverhulme Trust. The calculations were carried out at IDRIS (Orsay). AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS *

Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK Simone Pisana, Cinzia Casiraghi & Andrea C. Ferrari * IMPMC, Universités Paris 6 et 7, CNRS, IPGP, 140 rue de Lourmel,

75015 Paris, France Michele Lazzeri & Francesco Mauri * Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Kostya S. Novoselov & A. K. Geim

Authors * Simone Pisana View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Michele Lazzeri View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * Cinzia Casiraghi View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Kostya S. Novoselov View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * A. K. Geim View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Andrea C. Ferrari View author publications

You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Francesco Mauri View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS

Correspondence to Andrea C. Ferrari or Francesco Mauri. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY

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Breakdown of the adiabatic Born–Oppenheimer approximation in graphene. _Nature Mater_ 6, 198–201 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1846 Download citation * Received: 29 November 2006 *

Accepted: 18 January 2007 * Published: 11 February 2007 * Issue Date: March 2007 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1846 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be

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