ABSTRACT Current diagnosis of depression is based solely on behavioral symptomatology. The available US Food and Drug Administration–approved treatments for depression have come from

serendipitous discovery and are ineffective in nearly 30–50% of patients, which is thought to reflect a lack of specificity in targeting underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent

evidence has identified depression-related disruptions in a neuroimmune axis that interfaces the immune system and CNS to control behavior. This Review examines the evidence in patients and

in animal models of depression that demonstrates how the peripheral immune system acts on the brain to alter an individual's response to stress, ultimately contributing to their

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our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS IMMUNE TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC DEVELOPMENT IN DEPRESSION: TOWARDS PRECISION MEDICINE Article 17 January 2022

MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER CONVERGE ON THE SYNAPSE Article Open access 06 October 2022 TOWARDS A MULTILEVEL MODEL OF MAJOR DEPRESSION: GENES, IMMUNO-METABOLIC FUNCTION,

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references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by US National Institute of Mental Health grants RO1 MH090264 (to S.J.R.) and RO1 MH104559 (to S.J.R. and M.M.), the Johnson &

Johnson International Mental Health Research Organization Rising Star Award (to S.J.R.), an Irma T. Hirschl/Monique Weill-Caulier Trust Research Award (to S.J.R.), a Brain and Behavior

Research Foundation Young Investigator Award (G.E.H.) and a Swiss National Science Foundation Early Postdoc Mobility fellowship (to V.K.). AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS *

Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Georgia E Hodes, Caroline Menard & Scott J Russo *

Department of Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute and Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA Veronika Kana & Miriam Merad Authors

* Georgia E Hodes View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Veronika Kana View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar * Caroline Menard View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Miriam Merad View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * Scott J Russo View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Scott J Russo.

ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS Our previous work on IL-6 and depression was supported in part by a research grant from Janssen Pharmaceuticals. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and

permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Hodes, G., Kana, V., Menard, C. _et al._ Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression. _Nat Neurosci_ 18, 1386–1393 (2015).

https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4113 Download citation * Received: 08 May 2015 * Accepted: 18 August 2015 * Published: 25 September 2015 * Issue Date: October 2015 * DOI:

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