ABSTRACT Stimulation of C3 crop yield by rising concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) is widely expected to counteract crop losses that are due to greater drought this

century. But these expectations come from sparse field trials that have been biased towards mesic growth conditions. This eight-year study used precipitation manipulation and year-to-year

variation in weather conditions at a unique open-air field facility to show that the stimulation of soybean yield by elevated [CO2] diminished to zero as drought intensified. Contrary to the

prevalent expectation in the literature, rising [CO2] did not counteract the effect of strong drought on photosynthesis and yield because elevated [CO2] interacted with drought to modify

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BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS IMPACT OF WATER STRESS UNDER AMBIENT AND ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE ACROSS THREE TEMPERATURE REGIMES ON SOYBEAN CANOPY GAS EXCHANGE AND PRODUCTIVITY Article Open access

13 August 2021 NARROWING UNCERTAINTIES IN THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON CROPS Article 11 December 2020 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CROP YIELDS Article 14 November 2023 REFERENCES * Parry, M.

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future. _Annu. Rev. Plant Biol._ 55, 591–628 (2004). Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SoyFACE operations and this research were supported by the USDA ARS, Illinois

Council for Food and Agricultural Research (CFAR); Department of Energy's Office of Science (BER) Midwestern Regional Center of the National Institute for Climatic Change Research at

Michigan Technological University, under Award Number DEFC02-06ER64158; and the National Research Initiative of Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant No.

2010-65114-20343 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. S.B.G. was supported by Department of Energy's Global Change Education Program, a generous gift to the

Institute for Genomic Biology from D. Sigman, and the National Science Foundation's Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology. We gratefully acknowledge the following people for their

assistance in sample collection, field measurements and maintenance of the SoyFACE field site: A. Betzelberger, C. Black, G. Boise, R. Boyd, M. Boyer, P. Brandyberry, C. Burke, A. Cahill,

S. Campbell, B. Castellani, J. Chiang, E. Connelly, N. Couch, R. Darner, F. Dohleman, K. Dommer, D. Drag, K. Gillespie, K. Grennan, K. Gronkewiecz, P. Hall, A. Hargus, G. Johnson, S.

Kammlade, D. Klier, B. Koester, C. Leisner, V. Lor, J. McGrath, C. Markelz, M. Masters, T. Mies, C. Mitsdarfer, C. Montes, M. Nantie, O. Niziolek, D. Oh, S. Oikawa, E. Ort, K. Puthuval, R.

Ramirez, C. Ramig, K. Richter, L. Rios Acosta, B. Slattery, M. Suguitan, J. Sullivan, J. Sun, B. Usdrowski, C. Yendrek, B. Zehr, M. Zeri and A. Zimbelman. AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes *

Sharon B. Gray, Stephanie P. Klein, Anna M. Locke, David M. Rosenthal & Matthew H. Siebers Present address: †Present addresses: Department of Plant Biology, University of California,

Davis, California 95616, USA (S.B.G.). CSIRO Plant Industry, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia (M.H.S.). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA (A.M.L.). Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA (D.M.R.). Department of Plant Science, Penn State

University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA (S.P.K.)., AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at

Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, 61801, Illinois, USA Sharon B. Gray, Orla Dermody, Stephanie P. Klein, Anna M. Locke, Justin M. McGrath, Rachel E. Paul, David M. Rosenthal, Ursula M. Ruiz-Vera,

 Matthew H. Siebers, Reid Strellner, Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Carl J. Bernacchi, Stephen P. Long, Donald R. Ort & Andrew D. B. Leakey * United States Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, 61801, Illinois, USA Elizabeth A. Ainsworth, Carl J. Bernacchi & Donald R. Ort Authors * Sharon B. Gray View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Orla Dermody View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Stephanie P. Klein View author

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McGrath View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Rachel E. Paul View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google

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 Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS S.B.G., E.A.A., C.J.B., S.P.L., D.R.O., D.M.R. and A.D.B.L. designed the research. S.B.G., O.D., S.P.K., A.M.L., J.M.M., R.E.P., D.M.R., U.M.R-V., M.H.S., R.S.,

E.A.A., C.J.B. and A.D.B.L. carried out field instrumentation, data collection and sample collection. S.B.G. carried out leaf and xylem biochemical/hormone analyses. S.P.K., R.E.P. and R.S.

carried out root length measurements from minirhizotron images. S.B.G., D.M.R., U.M.R-V., E.A.A. and A.D.B.L. analysed data. S.B.G. and A.D.B.L. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed

the results and commented on the manuscript. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Andrew D. B. Leakey. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial

interests. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary Tables 1–13, Supplementary Figures 1–10. (PDF 1455 kb) RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS

ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Gray, S., Dermody, O., Klein, S. _et al._ Intensifying drought eliminates the expected benefits of elevated carbon dioxide for soybean. _Nature Plants_ 2, 16132

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