KEY POINTS * Dendritic cells (DCs) can be divided into multiple specialized subsets that are pivotal in bridging between the innate and adaptive immune responses. * Specification of DC

subsets is initiated in the bone marrow and generates precursors committed to either the plasmacytoid DC (pDC) or conventional DC lineages. * Terminal differentiation occurs in both

peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues in response to local environmental cues such as cytokines and inflammatory stimuli. * Transcription factors programme the specification and commitment

of precursors to different DC subsets. * Shared transcription factor usage by DC subsets provides a common differentiation pathway for precursor cells, whereas terminal differentiation is

steps in DC specification occur in the bone marrow and result in the generation of precursors committed to either the plasmacytoid or conventional DC pathways. DCs undergo further

differentiation and lineage diversification in peripheral organs in response to local environmental cues. In this Review, we discuss new evidence regarding the coordination of the

specification and commitment of precursor cells to different DC subsets and highlight the ensemble of transcription factors that control these processes. Access through your institution Buy

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OTHERS ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS RATHER THAN LAYERED ONTOGENY IMPRINT THE FUNCTION OF TYPE 2 CONVENTIONAL DENDRITIC CELLS IN YOUNG AND ADULT MICE Article Open access 19 January 2021 GENETIC

MODELS OF HUMAN AND MOUSE DENDRITIC CELL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION Article 09 September 2020 DISTINCT ONTOGENETIC LINEAGES DICTATE CDC2 HETEROGENEITY Article Open access 13 February 2024

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Allan, A. Kallies, M. Chopin and M. Pellegrini for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. This work is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council

(NHMRC) of Australia and the Wellcome Trust. G.T.B. is supported by a Sylvia and Charles Viertel Foundation Fellowship and S.L.N. is supported by an Australian Research Council Future

Fellowship. This work was made possible by Victorian State Government Operational Infrastructure Support and the Australian Government NHMRC Independent Research Institute Infrastructure

Support Scheme. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Division of Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Melbourne, 3052,

Victoria, Australia Gabrielle T. Belz & Stephen L. Nutt Authors * Gabrielle T. Belz View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Stephen L. Nutt

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to Gabrielle T. Belz or Stephen L. Nutt. ETHICS DECLARATIONS

COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. RELATED LINKS RELATED LINKS FURTHER INFORMATION Gabrielle T. Belz's homepage Stephen L. Nutt's homepage

Dendritic Cell Research Knowledge Portal Immunological Genome Project International Society for Dendritic Cell and Vaccine Science GLOSSARY * E protein The E proteins (including E12, E47,

HEB and E2-2) have emerged as key regulators of the immune system. They are a family of basic helix-loop-helix factors that work together with their antagonists, the ID proteins (ID1–ID4),

to regulate lymphocyte development. * Lymphoid tissue-inducer cells (LTi cells). A cell type that is present in developing lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and nasopharynx-associated

lymphoid tissue (NALT). LTi cells are required for the development of these lymphoid organs. The inductive capacity of these cells for the generation of Peyer's patches and NALT has

been shown by adoptive transfer, and it is generally assumed that they have a similar function in the formation of lymph nodes. * Nucleosome remodelling Changes in the nucleosome structure

are mediated by dedicated nuclear enzymes (for example, ATP-dependent nucleosome-remodelling enzymes) that change the accessibility of DNA and the expression of genes. * Histone

modifications Histones are essential to maintain DNA organization and may be modified by methylation and acetylation — changes that are thought to keep genes active or silent, respectively —

thereby altering the genetic code read by transcriptional regulators. * NFAT (Nuclear factor of activated T cells). A family of transcription factors that are regulated by calcium

signalling and expressed by a variety of immune cells. * AP1 (Activator protein 1). A heterodimeric transcription factor that is composed of proteins belonging to the FOS, JUN and

JUN-dimerization protein families. AP1 controls various cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. * Cross-priming A mechanism by which immunogenic CD8+ T

cells are activated by the presentation of an antigen that was not synthesized by the antigen-presenting cell itself. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE

THIS ARTICLE Belz, G., Nutt, S. Transcriptional programming of the dendritic cell network. _Nat Rev Immunol_ 12, 101–113 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3149 Download citation *

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