KEY POINTS * Butyrophilins have recently materialized as a new family of immunoregulators that are similar to the co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory family of B7 molecules. * For a subset of

butyrophilins, recombinant proteins and antibodies have been shown to modulate a variety of T cell functions, including the enhancement or attenuation of T cell activation, regulatory T cell

differentiation from naive T cells, thymic cell selection and T cell localization. * There is much still to be learned about the function of butyrophilins. The mode of interaction between

butyrophilins and other cell-surface molecules is generally poorly understood, and several butyrophilin family members have yet to be ascribed any biological function. * Human genetic data

activation and inhibition of immune cells. Evolving data have shown that a related family of molecules — the butyrophilins — have similar immunomodulatory functions to B7 family members and

may represent a novel subset of co-stimulatory molecules. These studies have taken the field by surprise, as the butyrophilins were previously thought to only be important in lactation and

milk production. In this Review, we describe the expression patterns of the various members of the butyrophilin family and explore their immunomodulatory functions. In particular, we

emphasize the contribution of butyrophilins to immune homeostasis and discuss the potential of targeting these molecules for therapeutic purposes. Access through your institution Buy or

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PubMed Central  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank A. Gardet for critical reading of the manuscript. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND

AFFILIATIONS * Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Seattle, Washington, USA Heather A. Arnett * Department of Immunology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Joanne L. Viney Authors *

Heather A. Arnett View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Joanne L. Viney View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed

 Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Joanne L. Viney. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS H.A.A. is currently employed by Amgen. J.L.V. is currently employed by Biogen

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