Play all audios:
ABSTRACT Despite recent advances in treatment, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy. By using _in vitro_, _ex vivo_ and _in vivo_ approaches, we have identified here that
lipid rafts constitute a new target in MM. We have found that the phospholipid ether edelfosine targets and accumulates in MM cell membrane rafts, inducing apoptosis through co-clustering of
rafts and death receptors. Raft disruption by cholesterol depletion inhibited drug uptake by tumor cells as well as cell killing. Cholesterol replenishment restored MM cell ability to take
up edelfosine and to undergo drug-induced apoptosis. Ceramide addition displaced cholesterol from rafts, and inhibited edelfosine-induced apoptosis. In an MM animal model, edelfosine oral
administration showed a potent _in vivo_ antimyeloma activity, and the drug accumulated preferentially and dramatically in the tumor. A decrease in tumor cell cholesterol, a major raft
component, inhibited the _in vivo_ antimyeloma action of edelfosine and reduced drug uptake by the tumor. The results reported here provide the proof-of-principle and rationale for further
clinical evaluation of edelfosine and for this raft-targeted therapy to improve patient outcome in MM. Our data reveal cholesterol-containing lipid rafts as a novel and efficient therapeutic
target in MM, opening a new avenue in cancer treatment. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS
OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 50 print issues and online access $259.00 per year only $5.18 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on
SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about
institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS ACSL4-MEDIATED LIPID RAFTS PREVENT MEMBRANE RUPTURE AND INHIBIT IMMUNOGENIC CELL
DEATH IN MELANOMA Article Open access 29 September 2024 SELECTIVE MCL-1 INHIBITOR ABBV-467 IS EFFICACIOUS IN TUMOR MODELS BUT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIAC TROPONIN INCREASES IN PATIENTS
Article Open access 25 October 2023 SUPPRESSION OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA BY MITOCHONDRIAL TARGETING Article Open access 12 March 2021 REFERENCES * Auer J, Berent R, Weber T, Eber B . (2002).
Clinical significance of pleiotropic effects of statins: lipid reduction and beyond. _Curr Med Chem_ 9: 1831–1850. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Ausili A, Torrecillas A, Aranda FJ,
Mollinedo F, Gajate C, Corbalan-Garcia S _et al_. (2008). Edelfosine is incorporated into rafts and alters their organization. _J Phys Chem B_ 112: 11643–11654. Article CAS PubMed Google
Scholar * Barnes K, Ingram JC, Bennett MD, Stewart GW, Baldwin SA . (2004). Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin stimulates glucose uptake in Clone 9 cells: a possible role for lipid rafts. _Biochem
J_ 378: 343–351. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Blanco-Prieto MJ, Campanero MA, Mollinedo F . (2004). Quantitative determination of the antitumor alkyl ether
phospholipid edelfosine by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry: application to cell uptake studies and characterization of drug delivery systems. _J
Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci_ 810: 85–92. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Busto JV, del Canto-Jañez E, Goñi FM, Mollinedo F, Alonso A . (2008). Combination of the
anti-tumour cell ether lipid edelfosine with sterols abolishes haemolytic side effects of the drug. _J Chem Biol_ 1: 89–94. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Cheng PC,
Dykstra ML, Mitchell RN, Pierce SK . (1999). A role for lipid rafts in B cell antigen receptor signaling and antigen targeting. _J Exp Med_ 190: 1549–1560. Article CAS PubMed PubMed
Central Google Scholar * Christian AE, Haynes MP, Phillips MC, Rothblat GH . (1997). Use of cyclodextrins for manipulating cellular cholesterol content. _J Lipid Res_ 38: 2264–2272. CAS
PubMed Google Scholar * de Mendoza AE, Campanero MA, de la Iglesia-Vicente J, Gajate C, Mollinedo F, Blanco-Prieto MJ . (2009). Antitumor alkyl ether lipid edelfosine: tissue distribution
and pharmacokinetic behavior in healthy and tumor-bearing immunosuppressed mice. _Clin Cancer Res_ 15: 858–864. Article Google Scholar * Dessi S, Batetta B, Pulisci D, Spano O, Anchisi C,
Tessitore L _et al_. (1994). Cholesterol content in tumor tissues is inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
_Cancer_ 73: 253–258. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Dimberg LY, Dimberg AI, Ivarsson K, Stromberg T, Osterborg A, Nilsson K _et al_. (2005). Ectopic and IFN-induced expression of
Fas overcomes resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. _Blood_ 106: 1346–1354. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Elahi MM, Cagampang FR, Anthony FW, Curzen N,
Ohri SK, Hanson MA . (2008). Statin treatment in hypercholesterolemic pregnant mice reduces cardiovascular risk factors in their offspring. _Hypertension_ 51: 939–944. Article CAS PubMed
Google Scholar * Freeman MR, Solomon KR . (2004). Cholesterol and prostate cancer. _J Cell Biochem_ 91: 54–69. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gajate C, Del Canto-Janez E, Acuna AU,
Amat-Guerri F, Geijo E, Santos-Beneit AM _et al_. (2004). Intracellular triggering of Fas aggregation and recruitment of apoptotic molecules into Fas-enriched rafts in selective tumor cell
apoptosis. _J Exp Med_ 200: 353–365. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Gajate C, Fonteriz RI, Cabaner C, Alvarez-Noves G, Alvarez-Rodriguez Y, Modolell M _et al_.
(2000a). Intracellular triggering of Fas, independently of FasL, as a new mechanism of antitumor ether lipid-induced apoptosis. _Int J Cancer_ 85: 674–682. Article CAS PubMed Google
Scholar * Gajate C, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Mollinedo F . (2009a). Involvement of raft aggregates enriched in Fas/CD95 death-inducing signaling complex in the antileukemic action of edelfosine
in Jurkat cells. _PLoS ONE_ 4: e5044. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Gajate C, Gonzalez-Camacho F, Mollinedo F . (2009b). Lipid raft connection between extrinsic and
intrinsic apoptotic pathways. _Biochem Biophys Res Commun_ 380: 780–784. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gajate C, Mollinedo F . (2001). The antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 induces
apoptosis through translocation and capping of Fas/CD95 into membrane rafts in human leukemic cells. _Blood_ 98: 3860–3863. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gajate C, Mollinedo F .
(2002). Biological activities, mechanisms of action and biomedical prospect of the antitumor ether phospholipid ET-18-OCH3 (edelfosine), a proapoptotic agent in tumor cells. _Curr Drug
Metab_ 3: 491–525. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gajate C, Mollinedo F . (2005). Cytoskeleton-mediated death receptor and ligand concentration in lipid rafts forms
apoptosis-promoting clusters in cancer chemotherapy. _J Biol Chem_ 280: 11641–11647. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gajate C, Mollinedo F . (2007). Edelfosine and perifosine induce
selective apoptosis in multiple myeloma by recruitment of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules into lipid rafts. _Blood_ 109: 711–719. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar *
Gajate C, Santos-Beneit AM, Macho A, Lazaro M, Hernandez-De Rojas A, Modolell M _et al_. (2000b). Involvement of mitochondria and caspase-3 in ET-18-OCH3-induced apoptosis of human leukemic
cells. _Int J Cancer_ 86: 208–218. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Grassme H, Cremesti A, Kolesnick R, Gulbins E . (2003). Ceramide-mediated clustering is required for CD95-DISC
formation. _Oncogene_ 22: 5457–5470. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Hanson PK, Malone L, Birchmore JL, Nichols JW . (2003). Lem3p is essential for the uptake and potency of
alkylphosphocholine drugs, edelfosine and miltefosine. _J Biol Chem_ 278: 36041–36050. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Harder T, Scheiffele P, Verkade P, Simons K . (1998). Lipid
domain structure of the plasma membrane revealed by patching of membrane components. _J Cell Biol_ 141: 929–942. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Hope HR, Pike LJ .
(1996). Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide-utilizing enzymes in detergent-insoluble lipid domains. _Mol Biol Cell_ 7: 843–851. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar *
Hussein MA, Juturi JV, Lieberman I . (2002). Multiple myeloma: present and future. _Curr Opin Oncol_ 14: 31–35. Article PubMed Google Scholar * Jasinska M, Owczarek J, Orszulak-Michalak D
. (2007). Statins: a new insight into their mechanisms of action and consequent pleiotropic effects. _Pharmacol Rep_ 59: 483–499. CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Karasavvas N, Erukulla RK,
Bittman R, Lockshin R, Zakeri Z . (1996). Stereospecific induction of apoptosis in U937 cells by _N_-octanoyl-sphingosine stereoisomers and _N_-octyl-sphingosine. The ceramide amide group is
not required for apoptosis. _Eur J Biochem_ 236: 729–737. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Koga T, Shimada Y, Kuroda M, Tsujita Y, Hasegawa K, Yamazaki M . (1990). Tissue-selective
inhibition of cholesterol synthesis _in vivo_ by pravastatin sodium, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor. _Biochim Biophys Acta_ 1045: 115–120. Article CAS PubMed
Google Scholar * Kolanjiappan K, Ramachandran CR, Manoharan S . (2003). Biochemical changes in tumor tissues of oral cancer patients. _Clin Biochem_ 36: 61–65. Article CAS PubMed Google
Scholar * Li YC, Park MJ, Ye SK, Kim CW, Kim YN . (2006). Elevated levels of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in cancer cells are correlated with apoptosis sensitivity induced by
cholesterol-depleting agents. _Am J Pathol_ 168: 1107–1118; quiz 1404-1105. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Megha, London E . (2004). Ceramide selectively displaces
cholesterol from ordered lipid domains (rafts): implications for lipid raft structure and function. _J Biol Chem_ 279: 9997–10004. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Mihelic R, Kaufman
JL, Lonial S . (2007). Maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma. _Leukemia_ 21: 1150–1157. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Mollinedo F . (2007). Antitumor ether lipids: proapoptotic
agents with multiple therapeutic indications. _Expert Opin Ther Pat_ 17: 385–405. Article CAS Google Scholar * Mollinedo F . (2008). _Myeloma Therapy. Pursuing The Plasma Cell_. Lonial S
(ed). Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, pp Chapter 25, pp. 393–419. Book Google Scholar * Mollinedo F, Fernandez-Luna JL, Gajate C, Martin-Martin B, Benito A, Martinez-Dalmau R _et al_. (1997).
Selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by the ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 (edelfosine): molecular structure requirements, cellular uptake, and protection by Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL . _Cancer
Res_ 57: 1320–1328. CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Mollinedo F, Gajate C . (2006a). Fas/CD95 death receptor and lipid rafts: new targets for apoptosis-directed cancer therapy. _Drug Resist
Updat_ 9: 51–73. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Mollinedo F, Gajate C . (2006b). _Fas Signaling_. Wajant H (ed). Landes Bioscience and Springer Science: Georgetown, TX, pp Chapter
2, pp 13–27. Book Google Scholar * Mollinedo F, Gajate C, Martin-Santamaria S, Gago F . (2004). ET-18-OCH3 (edelfosine): a selective antitumour lipid targeting apoptosis through
intracellular activation of Fas/CD95 death receptor. _Curr Med Chem_ 11: 3163–3184. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Mollinedo F, Gajate C, Morales AI, del Canto-Janez E, Justies N,
Collia F _et al_. (2009). Novel anti-inflammatory action of edelfosine lacking toxicity with protective effect in experimental colitis. _J Pharmacol Exp Ther_ 329: 439–449. Article CAS
PubMed Google Scholar * Nieto-Miguel T, Gajate C, Mollinedo F . (2006). Differential targets and subcellular localization of antitumor alkyl-lysophospholipid in leukemic versus solid tumor
cells. _J Biol Chem_ 281: 14833–14840. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Nybond S, Bjorkqvist YJ, Ramstedt B, Slotte JP . (2005). Acyl chain length affects ceramide action on
sterol/sphingomyelin-rich domains. _Biochim Biophys Acta_ 1718: 61–66. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Perez-Sala D, Collado-Escobar D, Mollinedo F . (1995). Intracellular
alkalinization suppresses lovastatin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells through the inactivation of a pH-dependent endonuclease. _J Biol Chem_ 270: 6235–6242. Article CAS PubMed Google
Scholar * Perez-Sala D, Mollinedo F . (1994). Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis induces apoptosis in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. _Biochem Biophys Res Commun_ 199: 1209–1215.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Quesada E, Delgado J, Gajate C, Mollinedo F, Acuna AU, Amat-Guerri F . (2004). Fluorescent phenylpolyene analogues of the ether phospholipid
edelfosine for the selective labeling of cancer cells. _J Med Chem_ 47: 5333–5335. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Rouquette-Jazdanian AK, Pelassy C, Breittmayer JP, Aussel C .
(2007). Full CD3/TCR activation through cholesterol-depleted lipid rafts. _Cell Signal_ 19: 1404–1418. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Schon A, Freire E . (1989). Thermodynamics of
intersubunit interactions in cholera toxin upon binding to the oligosaccharide portion of its cell surface receptor, ganglioside GM1. _Biochemistry_ 28: 5019–5024. Article CAS PubMed
Google Scholar * Simons K, Toomre D . (2000). Lipid rafts and signal transduction. _Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol_ 1: 31–39. Article CAS Google Scholar * Tosi MR, Tugnoli V . (2005). Cholesteryl
esters in malignancy. _Clin Chim Acta_ 359: 27–45. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Zerp SF, Vink SR, Ruiter GA, Koolwijk P, Peters E, van der Luit AH _et al_. (2008).
Alkylphospholipids inhibit capillary-like endothelial tube formation _in vitro_: antiangiogenic properties of a new class of antitumor agents. _Anticancer Drugs_ 19: 65–75. Article CAS
PubMed Google Scholar * Zhuang L, Kim J, Adam RM, Solomon KR, Freeman MR . (2005). Cholesterol targeting alters lipid raft composition and cell survival in prostate cancer cells and
xenografts. _J Clin Invest_ 115: 959–968. Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by grants from Ministerio de
Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2007-61261, SAF2008-02251, PCT-090100-2007-27, RD06/0020/1037 from Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Fondo de
Investigación Sanitaria and European Commission (FIS-FEDER 06/0813, PS09/01915), Junta de Castilla y León (GR15-Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, and Biomedicine
Project 2009) and Caja Navarra Foundation, Department of Health of the Navarra Government (‘Ortiz de Landázuri, 2009’ project). CG is supported by the Ramón y Cajal Program from the
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain. AEHdM is supported by a research grant (BF106.37) from the Department of Education of the Basque Government. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND
AFFILIATIONS * Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain F
Mollinedo, J de la Iglesia-Vicente, C Gajate & J A Villa-Pulgarin * Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain C Gajate *
Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain A Estella-Hermoso de Mendoza & M J Blanco-Prieto * Servicio de
Farmacología Clínica, Clínica Universitaria, Pamplona, Spain M A Campanero Authors * F Mollinedo View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * J de
la Iglesia-Vicente View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * C Gajate View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed
Google Scholar * A Estella-Hermoso de Mendoza View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * J A Villa-Pulgarin View author publications You can also
search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M A Campanero View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M J Blanco-Prieto View author
publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to F Mollinedo or C Gajate. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors
declare no conflict of interest. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on the Oncogene website SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (PDF 71 KB)
RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Mollinedo, F., de la Iglesia-Vicente, J., Gajate, C. _et al._ Lipid raft-targeted therapy in multiple
myeloma. _Oncogene_ 29, 3748–3757 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.131 Download citation * Received: 23 October 2009 * Revised: 12 January 2010 * Accepted: 07 February 2010 *
Published: 26 April 2010 * Issue Date: 01 July 2010 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.131 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS *
lipid raft * cholesterol * phospholipid ether * edelfosine * apoptosis * MM