ABSTRACT The impacts on marine species from secular warming and heatwaves are well demonstrated; however, the impacts of extreme cold events are poorly understood. Here we link the death of

organisms from 81 species to an intense cold upwelling event in the Agulhas Current, and show trends of increasing frequency and intensification of upwelling in the Agulhas Current and East

Australian Current. Using electronic tagging, we illustrate the potential impacts of upwelling events on the movement behaviour of bull sharks _Carcharhinus leucas_, including alterations of

migratory patterns and maintenance of shallower dive profiles when transiting through upwelling cells. Increasing upwelling could result in ‘bait and switch’ situations, where climate

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NORTH PACIFIC WARMING SHIFTS THE JUVENILE RANGE OF A MARINE APEX PREDATOR Article Open access 09 February 2021 STATUS, TRENDS AND CONSERVATION OF GLOBAL SEA TURTLE POPULATIONS Article 27

January 2025 WATER COLUMN STRUCTURE INFLUENCES LONG-DISTANCE LATITUDINAL MIGRATION PATTERNS AND HABITAT USE OF BUMPHEAD SUNFISH _MOLA ALEXANDRINI_ IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN Article Open access 09

November 2021 DATA AVAILABILITY Both the OSTIA and the CCI satellite SST product were accessed at https://marine.copernicus.eu/. The AVHRR Night satellite SST product was accessed at

https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdPH53sstnmday_Lon0360.html, while the AVHRR Day satellite SST product was accessed at

https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdPH53sstdmday_Lon0360.html. The level-3 Aqua MODIS satellite SST product was accessed at

https://coastwatch.pfeg.noaa.gov/erddap/griddap/erdMH1sstd1dayR20190SQ.html. NetCDF-files used to map the progression of the lethal upwelling event were downloaded from the OceanColor

webserver (https://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/l3/). Long-term wind data for South Africa can be requested from the South African Weather Service at https://www.weathersa.co.za/. Wind data for

key dates in the paper are supplied in Supplementary Information. Data associated with bull sharks tagged in Sydney Harbour (temperature, depth, acoustic detections) are publicly available

from the animal tracking facility at IMOS https://animaltracking.aodn.org.au/ (see Supplementary Information for tagging dates of sharks). Acoustic tracking data for bull sharks tagged in

Southern Africa are available from the South African Acoustic Tracking Array Platform, https://www.saiab.ac.za/atap.htm. Mooring temperature data for Sydney are publicly available at the

Australian Ocean Data Network at https://portal.aodn.org.au/ (mooring code SYD100). In situ temperature data collected by a logger at Port Alfred are supplied in Supplementary Information.

PSAT temperature and depth data for bull sharks tagged in southern Africa (_n_ = 15) are available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xd2547dn1 together with an example file for the OSTIA

satellite SST product and example code66. CODE AVAILABILITY Example code for modelling of upwelling variables over time can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xd2547dn1 (ref. 66).

No public code was used. All code was produced in the statistical software R (https://www.R-project.org/)64. The main packages used were heatwaveR60 and Dharma, which is available at

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Climate-change-driven cooling can kill marine megafauna at their distributional limits. _Dryad_ https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xd2547dn1 (2024). Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank

the Acoustic Tracking Array Platform (ATAP) hosted by the National Research Foundation - South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, the Ocean Tracking Network, the Department of

Science and Innovation−Shallow Marine and Coastal Research Infrastructure programme, and the NRF-South African Environmental Observation Network Elwandle Node for providing acoustic

telemetry hardware and in situ ocean temperature recorders that facilitated data collection for this study. We thank the Save Our Seas Foundation and the African Coelacanth Ecosystem

Programme for funding running expenses for the ATAP. Additional temperature logger (UTR) data were used from the ‘SASMIA UTR Southcoast network’ (South African Squid Management Industrial

Association). We thank the iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area and iSimangaliso Wetland Park management and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, together with the Maputo National Park and Park Warden, M.

Gonçalves, for their ongoing support of this research. The Australian New South Wales component of this work was completed under NSW DPI Research Permit Section 37 (Ref. PO1/0059A-2.0) and

Animal Care and Ethics permit 07/08. Additional data were sourced from Australia’s Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) Animal Tracking Database (https://animaltracking.aodn.org.au).

IMOS is enabled by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). This project would not have been possible without the dedicated support of NSW DPI shark research

team, contracted SMART drumline fishers and countless volunteers. This research was funded by the NSW Government through the NSW Department of Primary Industries Bull shark tagging research

programme and NSW Shark Management Program. M.J.R. is the UK-SA Bilateral Research Chair in Ocean Science and Marine Food Security, a partnership between Nelson Mandela University and the

National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Marine Data Technology Hub, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University,

Townsville, Queensland, Australia Nicolas Lubitz, Marcus Sheaves & Adam Barnett * Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, Queensland, Australia Nicolas Lubitz & Adam Barnett *

Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa Ryan Daly * South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Makhanda, South Africa Ryan Daly, Paul D. Cowley & John D.

Filmalter * NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Research, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia Amy F. Smoothey & Victor M. Peddemors * Ocean

Sciences and Marine Food Security, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa Patrick Vianello & Michael J. Roberts * National Oceanography Centre, University of

Southampton, Southampton, UK Michael J. Roberts * Ocean Futures Research Cluster, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland,

Australia David S. Schoeman * Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa David S. Schoeman * MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD,

Sète, France Laurent Dagorn, Fabien G. Forget & Marc Soria * NSW Department of Primary Industries, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia Paul A.

Butcher * National Marine Science Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia Paul A. Butcher * Honorary Research

Associate of Natural History East London Museum, East London, South Africa Greg Brett Authors * Nicolas Lubitz View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google

Scholar * Ryan Daly View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Amy F. Smoothey View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * Patrick Vianello View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Michael J. Roberts View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * David S. Schoeman View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Marcus Sheaves View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Paul D. Cowley View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Laurent

Dagorn View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Fabien G. Forget View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google

Scholar * Marc Soria View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Victor M. Peddemors View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * John D. Filmalter View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Paul A. Butcher View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Greg Brett View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Adam Barnett View author publications You

can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS N.L. conceived the study, analysed most of the data and drafted the paper. All authors contributed significantly to the

writing and editing of this paper. R.D. collected data, conceived the study and helped draft the paper. A.F.S. and P.V. collected data and helped conceive the study. P.V. and M.J.R. analysed

some data and helped conceive the study. D.S.S. helped conceive the study and helped in drafting the manuscript. M. Sheaves provided supervision and guidance in writing the paper. P.D.C.,

L.D., F.G.F., M. Soria, V.M.P., J.D.F., P.A.B. and G.B. collected data. A.B. provided supervision, helped conceive the study and helped edit the paper. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to

Nicolas Lubitz. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Climate Change_ thanks Juerg Brunnschweiler,

Nuno Queiroz and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard

to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. EXTENDED DATA EXTENDED DATA FIG. 1 SHARKS STAY NEAR THE SURFACE AND EXPERIENCE COLDER TEMPERATURES IN UPWELLING

ZONES. A) The percentage of time at temperature and depth bins based on PSAT-tag recordings for sharks tagged in the Breede River, South Africa: when in the Breede River, the upwelling zone,

and past the upwelling zone, in the subtropic/tropics. B) Percentage of time at temperature and depth bins recorded by acoustic transmitters during detections for sharks tagged in Sydney

Harbour, Australia: when inside Sydney Harbour (green), outside in the vicinity of Sydney Harbour, the upwelling zone, and past the upwelling zone, in the subtropic/tropics. EXTENDED DATA

FIG. 2 BULL SHARK DETECTIONS WHEN SHARKS ARE SEASONALLY PRESENT AT THEIR SEASONAL DISTRIBUTIONAL LIMITS. Percentages are given for detections inside and outside Sydney Harbour for sharks

tagged in Sydney Harbour and for inside and outside the Breede River Estuary for sharks tagged in the Breede River Estuary. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary

Figs. 1–22 and Tables 1–15. REPORTING SUMMARY RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a

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agreement and applicable law. Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Lubitz, N., Daly, R., Smoothey, A.F. _et al._ Climate change-driven cooling can kill marine

megafauna at their distributional limits. _Nat. Clim. Chang._ 14, 526–535 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01966-8 Download citation * Received: 08 February 2023 * Accepted: 27

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