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ABSTRACT Lung disease encompasses acute, infectious processes and chronic, non-infectious processes such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. People living with
HIV are at increased risk of both acute and chronic lung diseases. Although the use of effective antiretroviral therapy has diminished the burden of infectious lung disease, people living
with HIV experience growing morbidity and mortality from chronic lung diseases. A key risk factor for HIV-associated lung disease is cigarette smoking, which is more prevalent in people
living with HIV than in uninfected people. Other risk factors include older age, history of bacterial pneumonia, _Pneumocystis_ pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and immunosuppression.
Mechanistic investigations support roles for aberrant innate and adaptive immunity, local and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, altered lung and gut microbiota, and environmental
exposures such as biomass fuel burning in the development of HIV-associated lung disease. Assessment, prevention and treatment strategies are largely extrapolated from data from
HIV-uninfected people. Smoking cessation is essential. Data on the long-term consequences of HIV-associated lung disease are limited. Efforts to continue quantifying the effects of HIV
infection on the lung, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, are essential to advance our knowledge and optimize respiratory care in people living with HIV. Access through
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OTHERS LUNG MICROBIOME: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PATHOGENESIS OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES Article Open access 17 January 2024 PNEUMOPROTEINS AND BIOMARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND COAGULATION DO NOT
PREDICT RAPID LUNG FUNCTION DECLINE IN PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV Article Open access 23 March 2023 DISTINCT LUNG MICROBIOTA ASSOCIATE WITH HIV-ASSOCIATED CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN CHILDREN
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AFFILIATIONS * Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Ioannis Konstantinidis & Alison
Morris * Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Kristina Crothers * Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA Ken M.
Kunisaki * Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA M. Bradley Drummond *
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark Thomas Benfield * Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Red Cross War
Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa Heather J. Zar * SA-MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Heather J. Zar *
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Laurence Huang * Division of HIV, Infectious
Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Laurence Huang Authors * Ioannis Konstantinidis View author publications
You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Kristina Crothers View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ken M. Kunisaki View
author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M. Bradley Drummond View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar *
Thomas Benfield View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Heather J. Zar View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed
Google Scholar * Laurence Huang View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Alison Morris View author publications You can also search for this
author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS Introduction (A.M.); Epidemiology (I.K.); Mechanisms/pathophysiology (A.M., K.C., M.B.D., T.B. & L.H.); Diagnosis, screening and prevention
(K.C., K.M.K., M.B.D., T.B. & H.J.Z.); Management (K.C., K.M.K., M.B.D., T.B. & H.J.Z.); Quality of life (K.M.K.); Outlook (L.H.). CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Alison
Morris. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS K.M.K. reports personal fees for Data and Safety Monitoring Board activities (Nuvaira, Organicell) and consulting (Allergan/AbbVie) outside
the published work. T.B. reports grants (Novo Nordisk Foundation, Lundbeck Foundation, Simonsen Foundation, GSK, Pfizer, Gilead, Kai Hansen Foundation and Erik and Susanna Olesen’s
Charitable Fund) and personal fees (GSK, Pfizer, Bavarian Nordic, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, MSD, Pentabase ApS, Becton Dickinson, Janssen and Astra Zeneca) outside the published work.
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agreement and applicable law. Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Konstantinidis, I., Crothers, K., Kunisaki, K.M. _et al._ HIV-associated lung disease. _Nat Rev
Dis Primers_ 9, 39 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5 Download citation * Accepted: 19 June 2023 * Published: 27 July 2023 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-023-00450-5
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