ABSTRACT Magnetic fluids, suspensions of magnetic particles in carrier liquids like water, oil or organic solvents, combine magnetic properties with fluidity to achieve features such as

rapid magnetic response, reversible viscosity, and tunable thermal and optical properties. However, these carriers tend to have low densities and boiling points, affecting the suspension

stability and working temperature range of magnetic fluids. Using liquid metals — which have high densities, boiling points and chemical stability in addition to excellent conductivity — as

the carrier liquid can not only overcome these issues but also make the resulting liquid-metal-based magnetic fluids (LMMFs) highly conductive, substantially expanding the functions of

and applications of LMMFs, highlighting their superiority over traditional magnetic fluids. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of these materials. Access through your

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PERMANENT FLUIDIC MAGNETS FOR LIQUID BIOELECTRONICS Article 26 April 2024 THERMOMAGNETIC LIQUID METAL SWITCHES WITH FAST BIDIRECTIONAL RESPONSE Article Open access 17 March 2025

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metals and selected pathways for their alteration. _J. Phys. Chem. C_ 125, 20113–20142 (2021). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China project nos. 51890893, 52076213 and 91748206; the Frontier Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; and the 2115 Talent Development

Program of China Agricultural University. The authors thank M. Guo and J. Gao for help with drawing some of the images in this work. AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * These authors

contributed equally: Wentao Xiang, Yongyu Lu. AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Beijing, China Wentao Xiang, Yongyu Lu & Jing Liu * School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Wentao Xiang & Jing Liu * Center

of Double Helix, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China Hongzhang Wang * School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China Xuyang Sun * Institute

for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China Sen Chen * College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Zhizhu He *

Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Jing Liu Authors * Wentao Xiang View author publications You can also search for this author

inPubMed Google Scholar * Yongyu Lu View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Hongzhang Wang View author publications You can also search for

this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Xuyang Sun View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Sen Chen View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Zhizhu He View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jing Liu View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS All authors contributed to the discussion, writing and editing of the Review. Y.L., Z.H. and J.L. supervised the Review.

CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Correspondence to Yongyu Lu, Zhizhu He or Jing Liu. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW

INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Materials_ thanks Yi Du, Long Ren and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S

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Liquid-metal-based magnetic fluids. _Nat Rev Mater_ 9, 433–449 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-024-00679-w Download citation * Accepted: 29 March 2024 * Published: 15 May 2024 * Issue

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