ABSTRACT The zoonotic emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the ensuing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have profoundly affected our

society. The rapid spread and continuous evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to threaten global public health. Recent scientific advances have dissected many of the molecular and

cellular mechanisms involved in coronavirus infections, and large-scale screens have uncovered novel host-cell factors that are vitally important for the virus life cycle. In this Review, we

provide an updated summary of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, gene function and virus–host interactions, including recent landmark findings on general aspects of coronavirus biology and newly

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FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS CELLULAR HOST FACTORS FOR SARS-COV-2 INFECTION Article 01 September 2021 CORONAVIRUS BIOLOGY AND REPLICATION:

IMPLICATIONS FOR SARS-COV-2 Article 28 October 2020 GENOME-WIDE BIDIRECTIONAL CRISPR SCREENS IDENTIFY MUCINS AS HOST FACTORS MODULATING SARS-COV-2 INFECTION Article Open access 25 July 2022

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank all our colleagues in the field of coronaviruses, who have helped to increase our knowledge of this virus family since its discovery. Owing to the scope

and focus of this manuscript, they have primarily focused on recent publications working with SARS-CoV-2; however, we appreciate that many of these insights are built on a strong foundation

of research on previous coronaviruses during the past decades. Work in the authors’ laboratory was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 310030B_201278 and NCCR ‘RNA

& Disease’ grant 205601). AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Bern, Switzerland Silvio Steiner, Annika Kratzel, G.

Tuba Barut, Reto M. Lang, Etori Aguiar Moreira, Lisa Thomann, Jenna N. Kelly & Volker Thiel * Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,

Bern, Switzerland Silvio Steiner, Annika Kratzel, G. Tuba Barut, Reto M. Lang, Etori Aguiar Moreira, Lisa Thomann, Jenna N. Kelly & Volker Thiel * Graduate School for Cellular and

Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Reto M. Lang * Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Jenna N. Kelly & Volker

Thiel * European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany Jenna N. Kelly & Volker Thiel Authors * Silvio Steiner View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed 

Google Scholar * Annika Kratzel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * G. Tuba Barut View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * Reto M. Lang View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Etori Aguiar Moreira View author publications You can

also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Lisa Thomann View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jenna N. Kelly View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Volker Thiel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS

S.S., A.K., G.T.B., R.M.L., J.N.K., E.A.M. and V.T. researched the data for the article. S.S., A.K., G.T.B., R.M.L., J.N.K. and V.T. wrote the manuscript. S.S., A.K., G.T.B. and R.M.L.

prepared the figures, under the supervision of V.T. L.T. contributed to writing and revising the text. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Volker Thiel. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING

INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Microbiology_ thanks Luis Enjuanes, who co-reviewed with Sonia Zuñiga; Timothy

Sheahan, who co-reviewed with Meghan Diefenbacher; and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. GLOSSARY * _Cis_-acting elements RNA elements found in RNA viruses that

regulate processes such as viral transcription, replication, packaging or expression of genes on the same RNA. * Double-membrane vesicles Virus-induced organelles that are delimited by two

membrane bilayers and dedicated to replication or transcription of the viral RNA. * Internal ribosomal entry sites RNA elements that allow binding of ribosomes and initiation of translation

in a cap-independent manner. * Lipid droplets Cellular lipid depositories that regulate lipid storage and metabolism. * Liquid–liquid phase separation A process that establishes two distinct

phases from a homogeneous solution; in the context of macromolecules, it is often related to the formation of membrane-less condensates of proteins and RNA. * Monocistronic Refers to

messenger RNA molecules that encode a single gene product. * Polycistronic Refers to mRNA molecules that encode more than one gene product. * Viroporin A viral protein with hydrophobic

region that can assemble into ion channels or molecular pores on membranes. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to

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terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Steiner, S., Kratzel, A., Barut, G.T. _et al._ SARS-CoV-2 biology and

host interactions. _Nat Rev Microbiol_ 22, 206–225 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-01003-z Download citation * Accepted: 01 December 2023 * Published: 15 January 2024 * Issue

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