ABSTRACT Individuals with depression often exhibit distortions in interpersonal perception and behaviour that are tied to negative expectations about social outcomes or interpersonal

self-efficacy. These negative social expectations connect cognitive and interpersonal facets of depression and are linked to the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. In this

Review, we summarize how social expectations form and change in individuals with depression and how they shape the onset, course and severity of depressive symptoms by influencing

interpersonal perception and behaviour. In particular, we address the question of why dysfunctional social expectations tend to persist despite contradictory evidence. Drawing from

and symptom trajectories in individuals with depression, and suggest future research directions focused on exploring dynamic changes in response to the social environment. Access through

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SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS LACK OF OPTIMISTIC BIAS DURING SOCIAL EVALUATION LEARNING REFLECTS REDUCED POSITIVE SELF-BELIEFS IN DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL ANXIETY, BUT VIA DISTINCT

MECHANISMS Article Open access 28 September 2024 DYNAMIC CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A CASE-CONTROL NETWORK ANALYSIS Article Open access 09

December 2021 SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS AND NEGATIVE AFFECT UNIQUELY EXPLAIN INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSE TO EMOTIONAL AMBIGUITY Article Open access 16 February 2021 REFERENCES * Kirsch,

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_Curr. Biol._ 21, R941–R945 (2011). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was mainly supported by the TAM Research Cluster (“The Adaptive Mind”,

the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research, Science and the Arts). It was further stimulated by cooperation with the Collaborative Research Centers 289 (“Treatment Expectation”, the

German Research Foundation, Project ID 422744262–TRR289), 393 (“Trajectories of Affective Disorders: Cognitive-Emotional Mechanisms of Symptom Change”, the German Research Foundation,

Project ID 521379614–TRR393), and the LOEWE Center DYNAMIC (“The Dynamic Network Approach of Mental Health to Stimulate Innovations for Intervention and Change”, the Hessian Ministry of

Higher Education, Research, Science and the Arts, Project ID LOEWE1/16/519/03/09.001(0009)/98). Large language models were used exclusively for linguistic editing and were not used for

literature research or content creation. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg,

Germany Lukas Kirchner, Max Berg & Winfried Rief * Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Landau, Germany Tobias Kube *

Theoretical Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Anna-Lena Eckert & Dominik Endres * Translational Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry

and Psychotherapy and Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Benjamin Straube Authors * Lukas Kirchner View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Tobias Kube View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Max Berg View author publications You can

also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Anna-Lena Eckert View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Benjamin Straube View author

publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Dominik Endres View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Winfried Rief

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS L.K. wrote the original draft. All authors researched literature for the article,

contributed substantially to discussion of the content, wrote, reviewed and/or edited the manuscript before submission. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Lukas Kirchner. ETHICS

DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS This work was conducted as part of the TAM Research Cluster (“The Adaptive Mind”), which brings together scientists from experimental psychology, clinical

psychology, cognitive science and artificial intelligence to improve the understanding of how the human mind successfully adapts to changing conditions. This includes the role of social

expectations in the progression of mental disorders. All authors of this article, with the exception of T.K. and M.B., are involved in the TAM Research Cluster. Moreover, M.B., B.S., D.E.

and W.R. are involved in the LOEWE Center DYNAMIC. Additionally, L.K., B.S. and W.R. are involved in the Collaborative Research Center 393, and W.R. and D.E. are involved in the

Collaborative Research Center 289. T.K. is closely connected to these projects through friendships with several co-authors and previous collaboration on the relevance of expectations in

depression. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Psychology_ thanks Patrick Carroll and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this

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