ABSTRACT Therapies modulating the immune system offer the prospect of treating a wide range of conditions including infectious diseases, cancer and autoimmunity. Biomaterials can promote

specific targeting of immune cell subsets in peripheral or lymphoid tissues and modulate the dosage, timing and location of stimulation, thereby improving the safety and efficacy of vaccines

and immunotherapies. Here, we review recent advances in biomaterials-based strategies, focusing on targeting of lymphoid tissues, circulating leukocytes, tissue-resident immune cells and

immune cells at disease sites. These approaches can improve the potency and efficacy of immunotherapies by promoting immunity or tolerance against different diseases. KEY POINTS * In

chaperones to carry therapeutics into tissues. * Systemic administration or intratumoral injection of nanomaterials and therapeutic depots can selectively accumulate and target immune cells

in tumours. * Reducing biomaterial complexity is essential to facilitate clinical translation. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content,

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ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS DESIGN OF THERAPEUTIC BIOMATERIALS TO

CONTROL INFLAMMATION Article 28 February 2022 BIOMATERIALS TO ENHANCE ADOPTIVE CELL THERAPY Article 26 January 2024 RESPONSIVE BIOMATERIALS: OPTIMIZING CONTROL OF CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY

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a broadened frontier. _Nat. Rev. Immunol._ 22, 147–157 (2022). Article  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported in part by the Marble Center for

Nanomedicine, the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, the NIH (awards CA247632, EB031082, U01-CA265706, AI147845, AI162307, AI161297 and CA235375 to D.J.I.) and the Mark Foundation for

Cancer Research. This material is based upon work supported in part by the US Army Research Office through the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT, under Cooperative Agreement

Number W911NF-18-2-0048. D.J.I. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Parisa Yousefpour, Kaiyuan Ni & Darrell J. Irvine * Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA, USA Darrell J. Irvine * Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Darrell J. Irvine * Ragon Institute of

Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Darrell J. Irvine * Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA

Darrell J. Irvine Authors * Parisa Yousefpour View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Kaiyuan Ni View author publications You can also search

for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Darrell J. Irvine View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS The manuscript was drafted and

revised by P.Y., K.N. and D.J.I. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Darrell J. Irvine. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS D.J.I. is an inventor on patents related to albumin

hitchhiking (discussed under ‘Principles of lymph node targeting’), nanoparticle modification of T cells (discussed under ‘Backpacking’ cells’) and alum-binding cytokines (discussed under

‘Intratumoral delivery of biomaterials for immune cell targeting’). These patents have been licensed to Elicio Therapeutics, Repertoire Immune Medicines and Ankyra Therapeutics,

respectively, and D.J.I. holds equity in these companies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Bioengineering_ thanks the

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engineered biomaterials. _Nat Rev Bioeng_ 1, 107–124 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44222-022-00016-2 Download citation * Accepted: 28 November 2022 * Published: 30 January 2023 * Issue

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