As has long been the case, White voters are much more likely than those in other racial and ethnic groups to associate with the Republican Party. Hispanic and Asian voters tilt more

Democratic. Black voters remain overwhelmingly Democratic. However, there have been some shifts toward the GOP in most groups in recent years. THE REPUBLICAN PARTY NOW HOLDS A 15 PERCENTAGE

POINT ADVANTAGE AMONG WHITE VOTERS: 56% of non-Hispanic White voters identify with or lean toward the Republican Party, while 41% align with the Democratic Party. * This double-digit lead

for the GOP among White voters has held for more than a decade. The last time White voters were about equally split between the two parties was in 2008. ABOUT SIX-IN-TEN HISPANIC VOTERS

off over the last few years. * Currently, 83% of Black voters are Democrats or lean Democratic, while 12% align with the GOP. * As recently as 2020, the share associating with the Democratic

Party was 5 percentage points higher. That somewhat larger edge in party affiliation had been in place for much of the last two decades. ABOUT SIX-IN-TEN ASIAN VOTERS (63%) ALIGN WITH THE

DEMOCRATIC PARTY, while 36% are oriented toward the GOP. * The balance of partisan association among Asian voters has changed little over the last few years. EDUCATION AND PARTISANSHIP The

relationship between education and partisanship has shifted significantly since the early years of the 21st century. * The Republican Party now holds a 6 percentage point advantage over the

Democratic Party (51% to 45%) among VOTERS WHO DO NOT HAVE A BACHELOR’S DEGREE. Voters who do not have a four-year degree make up a 60% majority of all registered voters. * By comparison,

the Democratic Party has a 13-point advantage (55% vs. 42%) among those with a BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR MORE formal education. This pattern is relatively recent. In fact, until about two decades

ago the Republican Party fared better among college graduates and worse among those without a college degree. In the last years of George W. Bush’s presidency and the first year of Barack

Obama’s, Democrats had a double-digit advantage in affiliation over Republicans among voters without a college degree. For example, in 2007, 56% of voters without a degree were Democrats or

leaned Democratic, while 42% were Republicans or GOP leaners. This group was narrowly divided between the two parties for most of the next 15 years, but in the last few years it has tilted

more Republican. College graduates moved in the opposite direction, becoming more Democratic over this same period. * Since 2017, the gap in partisanship between college graduates and those

without a degree has been wider than at any previous point in Pew Research Center surveys dating back to the 1990s. VOTERS WITH POSTGRADUATE DEGREES ARE EVEN MORE DEMOCRATIC THAN THOSE WITH

BACHELOR’S DEGREES. About six-in-ten registered voters who have a postgraduate degree (61%) identify with or lean toward the Democratic Party, while 37% associate with the Republican Party.

Voters with a bachelor’s degree but no graduate degree are more closely divided: 51% Democratic, 46% Republican. Voters with a high school degree or less education and those who have

attended some college but do not have a bachelor’s degree both tilt Republican by similar margins. EDUCATION, RACE AND PARTISANSHIP White voters are far more polarized along educational

lines than are Hispanic and Black voters. WHITE VOTERS BY EDUCATION By nearly two-to-one (63% vs. 33%), WHITE VOTERS _WITHOUT_ A BACHELOR’S DEGREE associate with the Republican Party. The

GOP’s advantage among this group has remained relatively steady over the last several years but reflects a major shift since 2009. This group is now substantially more Republican-oriented

than at any prior point in the last three decades. Today, WHITE VOTERS _WITH_ A BACHELOR’S DEGREE are closely divided between associating with the Democratic Party (51%) and the Republican

Party (47%). Prior to 2005, this group had a clear Republican orientation. HISPANIC VOTERS BY EDUCATION In contrast, there are no meaningful differences in the partisan leanings of Hispanic

voters with and without bachelor’s degrees. Democrats hold a clear advantage in affiliation among both groups of Hispanic voters, although the share of Hispanics (both those with and without

bachelor’s degrees) who align with the Democratic Party has edged lower in recent years. BLACK VOTERS BY EDUCATION Black voters both with (79%) and without college degrees (85%) remain

overwhelmingly Democratic in their partisan affinity. Black college graduates are somewhat less closely aligned with the Democratic Party now than they were for most of the prior three

decades (for most of this period, 85% or more of Black college graduate voters affiliated with the Democratic Party). ASIAN VOTERS BY EDUCATION Two-thirds of Asian voters with a college

degree align with the Democratic Party; 31% associate with the Republican Party. The partisan balance among Asian voters with a college degree has remained largely the same over our last two

decades of surveys. (Asian American voters without a college degree are a smaller group, and sample sizes do not allow for reporting trends among this group.) PARTISANSHIP BY RACE AND

GENDER _Visit the chapter on __partisanship by gender, sexual orientation and marital and parental status__ for discussion of overall trends among men and women._ Six-in-ten White men who

are registered voters identify as Republicans or lean Republican, as do 53% of White women voters. The balance of partisanship among White women voters has tilted toward the GOP in recent

years, but it was more divided in 2017 and 2018. Among Hispanic voters, about six-in-ten men (61%) and women (60%) associate with the Democrats. Hispanic women voters have become somewhat

less Democratic in recent years (down from 74% in 2016). About eight-in-ten Black voters – both women (84%) and men (81%) – are Democrats or Democratic leaners. About six-in-ten men (61%)

and women (64%) among Asian voters identify as Democrats or lean toward the Democratic Party. (There is insufficient sample to show longer-term trends among Asian voters by gender.)

PARTISANSHIP ACROSS EDUCATIONAL AND GENDER GROUPS BY RACE AND ETHNICITY Among White voters, there are wide differences in partisanship by gender, by educational attainment – and by the

combination of these. * Among WHITE VOTERS WITHOUT A COLLEGE DEGREE, 64% of men and 62% of women say they identify as or lean toward the Republican Party (about a third of each associate

with the Democrats). * WHITE MEN _WITH_ A COLLEGE DEGREE ALSO TILT REPUBLICAN among voters, though to a lesser extent (53% are Republicans or lean Republican, 45% are Democrats or lean

Democratic). * In contrast, WHITE WOMEN WITH A COLLEGE DEGREE ARE MORE DEMOCRATIC than Republican by 15 percentage points (42% Republican or Republican leaning, 57% Democrat or lean

Democrat). Among Black and Hispanic voters, there are only modest differences in partisanship across the combination of gender and education. In both groups, there are no significant

differences between men with and without college degrees, or between their women counterparts. (Because Asian American voters without a college degree are a small group, sample sizes do not

allow comparing college and non-college Asian men and women.) THIS DYNAMIC HAS CHANGED OVER TIME, as college-educated White men and women have grown more Democratic and those with less

formal education have grown more Republican. THEN As recently as 15 years ago, there were sizable gender gaps in partisanship among _both_ college and non-college White voters. In both

cases, men were substantially more likely than women to associate with the Republican Party. But, at that time, there was _not_ a substantial difference in the partisanship of college and

non-college White voters – for either women or men. NOW Today, there is no gender gap in partisanship among non-college White voters, while there _is_ a gender gap among college graduate

White voters. The difference in partisanship between White women voters who have a college degree and those who do not, in particular, is quite large. By contrast, there is little variation

in the partisanship of Black and Hispanic voters by these characteristics, and the relationship has varied less over time.