As the final report emerges from the congressional committee investigating the insurrection on Jan. 6, 2021, the focus is on the role of then-President Donald Trump and those close to him.

That’s crucial information, but it leaves out another important chapter of the story. There were thousands of people demonstrating on the streets of Washington, D.C., that day, whose actions

are not recounted in detail in the congressional report. They carried a variety of political and ideological flags and signs. The Conversation asked scholars to explain what they saw –

including ancient Norse images and more recent flags from U.S. history. Here are five articles from The Conversation’s coverage, explaining what many of the symbols mean. 1. THE CONFEDERATE

Confederacy has been memorialized. He notes that in one photo from inside the Capitol, the flag’s history came into sharp relief as the man carrying it was standing between “the portraits of

two Civil War-era U.S. senators – one an ardent proponent of slavery and the other an abolitionist once beaten unconscious for his views on the Senate floor.” 2. THE YELLOW GADSDEN FLAG

Another flag with a racist history is the “Don’t Tread On Me” flag. A symbol warning of self-defense, it was designed by slave owner and trader Christopher Gadsden when the American

Revolution began, as Iowa State University graphic design scholar Paul Bruski writes. “Because of its creator’s history and because it is commonly flown alongside ‘Trump 2020’ flags, the

Confederate battle flag and other white-supremacist flags, some may now see the Gadsden flag as a symbol of intolerance and hate – or even racism,” he explains. It has been adopted by the

tea party movement and other Republican-leaning groups, but the flag still carries the legacy, and the name, of its creator. 3. POWERFUL ANTISEMITISM Another arm of white supremacy doesn’t

target Blacks. Instead, it demonizes Jewish people. Plenty of antisemitic symbols were on display during the riot, as Jonathan D. Sarna explains. Sarna is a Brandeis University scholar of

American antisemitism and describes the ways that “[c]alls to exterminate Jews are common in far-right and white nationalist circles.” That included a gallows erected outside the Capitol,

evoking a disturbing element of a 1978 novel depicting the takeover of Washington, along with mass lynchings and slaughtering of Jews. 4. CO-OPTED NORSE MYTHOLOGY Among the most striking

images of the January riot were those of a man wearing a horned hat and no shirt, displaying several large tattoos. He is known as Jake Angeli, but his full name is Jacob Chansley, and he is

serving a 41-month sentence in prison for his role in the riot. Tom Birkett, a lecturer in Old English at University College Cork in Ireland, explains that many of the symbols Chansley wore

are from Norse mythology. However, he explains, “These symbols have also been co-opted by a growing far-right movement.” Birkett traces the modern use of Norse symbols back to the Nazis and

points out that they are a form of code hidden in plain sight: “If certain symbols are hard for the general public to spot, they are certainly dog whistles to members of an increasingly

global white supremacist movement who know exactly what they mean.” 5. AN OUTLIER, OF SORTS Another flag was prominent at the Capitol riot, one that doesn’t strictly represent white

supremacy: the flag of the former independent country of South Vietnam. But Long T. Bui, a global studies scholar at the University of California, Irvine, explains that when flown by

Vietnamese Americans, many of whom support Trump, the flag symbolizes militant nationalism. “[S]ome Vietnamese Americans view their fallen homeland as an extension of the American push for

freedom and democracy worldwide. I have interviewed Vietnamese American soldiers who fear American freedom is failing,” he explains. _This story is a roundup of articles from The

Conversation’s archives and is an update of an article previously published on Jan. 15, 2021._