Unprotonated chromophore-protein bond in visual pigments from 13c-nmr spectra

Unprotonated chromophore-protein bond in visual pigments from 13c-nmr spectra

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ABSTRACT THE chromophore of visual pigments is generally assumed to be a protonated Schiff base of the 11-_cis_ retinylidene (rhodopsins) or the 11-_cis_ 3-dehydroretinylidene (porphyropsins) groups linked through a lysine amino group to a specific glycoli-poprotein moiety (opsin)1. This protonated Schiff base hypothesis has been supported by plausible though not unequivocal chemical evidence2,3. Recent studies using the physical technique of resonance Raman spectroscopy have also seemed to support this view4–7. In an attempt to confirm this assignment and to explore further the structure and microenvironment of the chomophore, we have studied the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of aqueous suspensions of bovine rhodopsin which contain the chromophore enriched with 13C at specific positions in the retinylidene carbon chain. We report here our findings which clearly support an unprotonated retinylidene Schiff base as the visual chromophore in contrast to the earlier chemical and physical evidence which supports a protonated form. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online access $199.00 per year only $3.90 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS SELECTIVE 13C LABELLING REVEALS THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF FLAVOCOENZYME RADICALS Article Open access 14 September 2021 STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF THE NOVEL CAROTENOID GEMMATOXANTHIN FROM THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC COMPLEX OF _GEMMATIMONAS PHOTOTROPHICA_ AP64 Article Open access 05 August 2021 ROOM TEMPERATURE XFEL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REVEALS ASYMMETRY IN THE VICINITY OF THE TWO PHYLLOQUINONES IN PHOTOSYSTEM I Article Open access 08 November 2021 REFERENCES * Abrahamson, E. W. & Fager, R. S. _Curr. Top Bioenerget._ 5, 125 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Morton, R. & Pitt, G. _Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst._ 14, 244–316 (1957). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hubbard, R. _Nature_ 221, 432 (1969). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lewis, A., Fager, R. S. & Abrahamson, E. W. _J. Raman Spectrosc._ 1, 465 (1973). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Oseroff, A. R. & Callender, R. H. _Biochemistry_ 13, 4243 (1974). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mathies, R., Oseroff, A. R. & Stryer, L. _Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A._ 73, 1 (1976). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Callender, R. H., Doukas, A., Crouch, R. & Nakanishi, K. _Biochemistry_ 15, 1621 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Isler, O. ed. _Carotenoids_, (Basel, 1971). Book  Google Scholar  * Wadsworth, W. S., Jr & Emmons, W. D. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 83, 1723 (1961). Article  Google Scholar  * Rotmans, J. P. & Kropf, A. _Vision Res._ 15, 1301 (1975). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Steineman, A. & Stryer, L. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1499 (1973). Article  Google Scholar  * Stubbs, G. W., Smith, H. G., Jr & Litman, B. J. _Biochem. biophys. Acta_ 425, 46 (1976). Article  Google Scholar  * Shriver, J. W., Abrahamson, E. W. & Mateescu, G. D. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 98, 2407 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Browne, D. T., Kenyon, G. L., Packer, E. L., Sternlicht, H. & Wilson, D. M. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 95, 1316 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Allerhand, A., Childers, R. F. & Oldfield, E. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1335 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Chaiken, I. M., Cohen, J. S. & Sokoloski, E. A. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 96, 4703 (1974). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Brewster, I. R., Hruby, V. J., Spatula, A. F. & Bavey, F. A. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1643 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Karplus, M. & Pople, J. A. _J. Chem. Phys._ 38, 2803 (1963). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Honig, B., Greenberg, A. D., Dinur, U. & Ebrey, T. G. _Biochemistry_ 15, 4593 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bownds, D. _Nature_ 216, 1178 (1967). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Abrahamson, E. W., _Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun._ 47, 1244 (1972). Article  Google Scholar  * Dartnall, H. J. A. _The Visual Pigments_ (Methuen, London, and Wiley, NewYork, 1957). Book  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * ROGER FAGER Present address: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia * DENNIS TORCHIA Present address: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Guelph, Ontario JOHN SHRIVER, GEORGE MATEESCU, ROGER FAGER & DENNIS TORCHIA * Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio E. W. ABRAHAMSON Authors * JOHN SHRIVER View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * GEORGE MATEESCU View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * ROGER FAGER View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * DENNIS TORCHIA View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * E. W. ABRAHAMSON View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE SHRIVER, J., MATEESCU, G., FAGER, R. _et al._ Unprotonated chromophore-protein bond in visual pigments from 13C-NMR spectra. _Nature_ 270, 271–274 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1038/270271a0 Download citation * Received: 20 June 1977 * Accepted: 16 September 1977 * Issue Date: 17 November 1977 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/270271a0 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

ABSTRACT THE chromophore of visual pigments is generally assumed to be a protonated Schiff base of the 11-_cis_ retinylidene (rhodopsins) or the 11-_cis_ 3-dehydroretinylidene


(porphyropsins) groups linked through a lysine amino group to a specific glycoli-poprotein moiety (opsin)1. This protonated Schiff base hypothesis has been supported by plausible though not


unequivocal chemical evidence2,3. Recent studies using the physical technique of resonance Raman spectroscopy have also seemed to support this view4–7. In an attempt to confirm this


assignment and to explore further the structure and microenvironment of the chomophore, we have studied the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of aqueous suspensions of bovine


rhodopsin which contain the chromophore enriched with 13C at specific positions in the retinylidene carbon chain. We report here our findings which clearly support an unprotonated


retinylidene Schiff base as the visual chromophore in contrast to the earlier chemical and physical evidence which supports a protonated form. Access through your institution Buy or


subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 51 print issues and online


access $199.00 per year only $3.90 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which


are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS


SELECTIVE 13C LABELLING REVEALS THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF FLAVOCOENZYME RADICALS Article Open access 14 September 2021 STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF THE NOVEL CAROTENOID GEMMATOXANTHIN FROM


THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC COMPLEX OF _GEMMATIMONAS PHOTOTROPHICA_ AP64 Article Open access 05 August 2021 ROOM TEMPERATURE XFEL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY REVEALS ASYMMETRY IN THE VICINITY OF THE TWO


PHYLLOQUINONES IN PHOTOSYSTEM I Article Open access 08 November 2021 REFERENCES * Abrahamson, E. W. & Fager, R. S. _Curr. Top Bioenerget._ 5, 125 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Morton, R. & Pitt, G. _Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst._ 14, 244–316 (1957). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hubbard, R. _Nature_ 221, 432 (1969). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lewis,


A., Fager, R. S. & Abrahamson, E. W. _J. Raman Spectrosc._ 1, 465 (1973). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Oseroff, A. R. & Callender, R. H. _Biochemistry_ 13, 4243 (1974).


Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Mathies, R., Oseroff, A. R. & Stryer, L. _Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A._ 73, 1 (1976). Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar  * Callender, R. H., Doukas, A.,


Crouch, R. & Nakanishi, K. _Biochemistry_ 15, 1621 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Isler, O. ed. _Carotenoids_, (Basel, 1971). Book  Google Scholar  * Wadsworth, W. S., Jr &


Emmons, W. D. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 83, 1723 (1961). Article  Google Scholar  * Rotmans, J. P. & Kropf, A. _Vision Res._ 15, 1301 (1975). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Steineman, A.


& Stryer, L. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1499 (1973). Article  Google Scholar  * Stubbs, G. W., Smith, H. G., Jr & Litman, B. J. _Biochem. biophys. Acta_ 425, 46 (1976). Article  Google


Scholar  * Shriver, J. W., Abrahamson, E. W. & Mateescu, G. D. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 98, 2407 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Browne, D. T., Kenyon, G. L., Packer, E. L.,


Sternlicht, H. & Wilson, D. M. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 95, 1316 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Allerhand, A., Childers, R. F. & Oldfield, E. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1335 (1973).


Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Chaiken, I. M., Cohen, J. S. & Sokoloski, E. A. _J. Am. chem. Soc._ 96, 4703 (1974). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Brewster, I. R., Hruby, V. J.,


Spatula, A. F. & Bavey, F. A. _Biochemistry_ 12, 1643 (1973). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Karplus, M. & Pople, J. A. _J. Chem. Phys._ 38, 2803 (1963). Article  ADS  CAS  Google


Scholar  * Honig, B., Greenberg, A. D., Dinur, U. & Ebrey, T. G. _Biochemistry_ 15, 4593 (1976). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Bownds, D. _Nature_ 216, 1178 (1967). Article  ADS  CAS 


Google Scholar  * Abrahamson, E. W., _Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun._ 47, 1244 (1972). Article  Google Scholar  * Dartnall, H. J. A. _The Visual Pigments_ (Methuen, London, and Wiley,


NewYork, 1957). Book  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION Author notes * ROGER FAGER Present address: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia,


Charlottesville, Virginia * DENNIS TORCHIA Present address: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in


Chemistry, Guelph, Ontario JOHN SHRIVER, GEORGE MATEESCU, ROGER FAGER & DENNIS TORCHIA * Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio E. W. ABRAHAMSON Authors * JOHN SHRIVER View


author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * GEORGE MATEESCU View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * ROGER


FAGER View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * DENNIS TORCHIA View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google


Scholar * E. W. ABRAHAMSON View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS


ARTICLE SHRIVER, J., MATEESCU, G., FAGER, R. _et al._ Unprotonated chromophore-protein bond in visual pigments from 13C-NMR spectra. _Nature_ 270, 271–274 (1977).


https://doi.org/10.1038/270271a0 Download citation * Received: 20 June 1977 * Accepted: 16 September 1977 * Issue Date: 17 November 1977 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/270271a0 SHARE THIS


ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard


Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative