A comparative study of the effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on the proteolytic balance and tumour cell proliferation

A comparative study of the effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on the proteolytic balance and tumour cell proliferation

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ABSTRACT The cytotoxicity of two compounds described as anti-angiogenic, the isoflavone genistein and the oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol, has been studied in different human tumour cell lines. Since the degradation of the extracellular matrix is one of the essential steps in angiogenesis, the potential modulatory effects of both compounds on the proteolytic balance in media conditioned by different human tumour cells have been also investigated. The IC50 values for 2-methoxyestradiol were lower than those for genistein on all the cell lines tested. In all the cell lines expressing measurable amounts of active enzymes, genistein induced a shift towards antiproteolysis in both matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase and urokinase/plasminogen activator inhibitor proteolytic balances. On the other hand, 2-methoxyestradiol did not produce any clear net shift of the proteolytic balance, with the significant exception of the matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase balance in WAC-2 cells, a neuroblastoma cell line with enhanced expression of the N-_myc_ oncogene. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS NATURAL RESVERATROL ANALOGS DIFFERENTIALLY TARGET ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS INTO APOPTOSIS PATHWAYS Article Open access 15 July 2023 GINSENG GLUCOSYL OLEANOLATE INHIBIT CERVICAL CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION AND ANGIOGENESIS VIA PI3K/AKT/HIF-1Α PATHWAY Article Open access 19 December 2024 ROBUSTAFLAVONE INDUCES G0/G1 CELL CYCLE ARREST AND APOPTOSIS IN HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND EXHIBITS ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS IN VIVO Article Open access 06 July 2020 ARTICLE PDF CHANGE HISTORY * _ 16 NOVEMBER 2011 This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication _ REFERENCES * Akiyama, T., Ishida, I., Nakagawa, S., Ogawara, H., Watanabe, S., Itoh, N., Shibuya, M. & Fuami, Y. (1987) Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. _J Biol Chem_ 262: 5592–5595. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Alvarez, O., Carmichael, D. F. & Declerk, Y. A. (1990) Inhibition of collagenolytic activity and metastasis of tumor cells by a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. _J Natl Cancer Inst_ 82: 589–595. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Andreasen, P. A., Georg, B., Lund, L. R., Riccio, A. & Stacey, S. N. (1990) Plasminogen activators inhibitors: hormonally regulated serpins. _Mol Cell Endocrinol_ 68: 1–19. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Barnes, S., Peterson, G., Grubbs, C. & Setchell, K. (1994). Potential role of dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cancer. In _Diet and Cancer_: _Markers, Prevention, and Treatment_, Jacubs MM (ed) pp. 135–147. Plenum Press: New York * Blasi, F., Riccio, A. & Sebatio, G. (1986). Human plasminogen activators: genes and protein structure. In _Human Genes and Diseases_, Blasi F (ed), pp. 377–414. Wiley: London * D’Amato, R. J., Lin, C. M., Flynn, E., Folkman, J. & Hamel, E. (1994) 2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous mammalian metabolite, inhibits tubulin polymerization by interacting at the colchicine site. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_ 91: 3964–3968. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Danø, K., Andreasen, P. A., Grøhndahl-Hansen, J., Kristensen, P., Nielsen, L. S. & Skriver, L. (1985) Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation and cancer. _Adv Cancer Res_ 44: 139–266. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Donaldson, K. L., Goolsby, G., Kiener, P. A. & Wahl, A. F. (1994) Activation of p34dcd2 coincident with taxol-induced apoptosis. _Cell Growth Differ_ 5: 1041–1050. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dunn, J. E. (1975) Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States – with emphasis on Hawaii and California – and Japan. _Cancer Res_ 35: 3240–3245. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Edmonard, H. & Grimaud, J. A. (1990) Matrix metalloproteinases. A review. _Cell Mol Biol_ 36: 131–153. Google Scholar  * Folkman, J. (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. _Nature Med_ 1: 27–31. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Folkman, J. & Shing, Y. (1992) Angiogenesis. _J Biol Chem_ 267: 10931–10934. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Fotsis, T., Pepper, M., Adlercreutz, H., Fleischman, G., Hase, T., Montesano, R. & Schweigerer, L. (1993) Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of _in vitro_ angiogenesis. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_ 90: 2690–2694. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Fotsis, T., Zhang, Y., Pepper, M. S., Adlercreutz, H., Montesano, R., Nauroth, P. P. & Schweigerer, L. (1994) The endogenous oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyoestradiol inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumour growth. _Nature_ 368: 237–239. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * García de Veas, R., Schweigerer, L. & Medina, M. A. (1995) Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 expression in paediatric tumor cells. Effects of tumor cell proliferation modulators on gelatinolytic activity. _J Cancer Res Clin Oncol_ 121: 275–278. Article  Google Scholar  * Gohji, K., Fujimoto, N., Fujii, A., Komiyama, T., Okawa, J. & Nakajima, M. (1996) Prognostic significance of circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 ratio in recurrence of urothelial cancer after complete resection. _Cancer Res_ 56: 3196–3198. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Gorczyca, W., Gong, J., Ardelt, B., Traganos, F. & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993) The cell cycle related differences in susceptibility of HL-60 cells to apoptosis induced by various antitumor agents. _Cancer Res_ 53: 3186–3192. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Holmgren, L., O’Reilly, M. S. & Folkman, J. (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression. _Nature Med_ 1: 149–153. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kohn, E. C. & Liotta, L. A. (1995) Molecular insights into cancer invasion: strategies for prevention and intervention. _Cancer Res_ 55: 1856–1862. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lau, H. K. F., Kim, M., Koo, J., Chiu, B. & Murray, D. (1995) Increase of a urokinase receptor-related low-molecular-weight molecule in colorectal adenocarcinomas. _Clin Exp Metastasis_ 13: 492–498. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Liotta, L. A., Tryggvason, K., Garbisa, S., Hart, I. R., Foltz, C. M. & Shaflie, S. (1980) Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement matrix collagen. _Nature_ 284: 67–69. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Liotta, L., Rao, C. N. & Bardsky, S. H. (1983) Tumor invasion and the extracellular matrix. _Lab Invest_ 49: 639–649. Google Scholar  * Liotta, L. A., Steeg, P. S. & Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. _Cell_ 64: 327–336. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Messina, M. J., Persky, V., Setchell, K. D. R. & Barnes, S. (1994) Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ data. _Nutr Cancer_ 21: 113–131. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Montesano, R. (1992) Regulation of angiogenesis _in vitro_. _Eur J Clin Invest_ 22: 504–515. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Mossmann, T. (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. _J Immunol Method_ 65: 55–63. Article  Google Scholar  * Nuovo, G. J., MacConnell, P. B., Simsir, A., Valea, F. & French, D. L. (1995) Correlation of the _in situ_ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified metalloproteinase complementary DNAs and their inhibitors with prognosis in cervical carcinoma. _Cancer Res_ 55: 267–275. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Packman, K. S., Demeure, M. D., Doffek, K. M. & Wilson, S. D. (1995) Increased plasminogen activator and type IV collagenase activity in invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. _Surgery_ 118: 1011–1017. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Parker, S. L., Tong, T., Bolden, S. & Wingo, P. A. (1996) Cancer statistics. _CA Cancer J Clin_ 65: 5–27. Article  Google Scholar  * Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1991) Genistein inhibition of the growth of human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene. _Biochem. Biophys Res Commun_ 179: 661–667. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1996) Genistein inhibits both estrogen and growth factor-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells. _Cell Growth Differ_ 7: 1345–1351. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schweigerer, L., Breit, S., Wenzel, A., Tsunamoto, K., Ludwig, R. & Schwab, M. (1990) Augmented N-MYC expression advances the malignant phenotype of human neuroblastoma cells: evidence for induction of autocrine growth factor activity. _Cancer Res_ 50: 4411–4416. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schweigerer, L., Christeleit, K., Fleischmann, G., Adlercreutz, H., Wahala, K., Hase, T., Schwab, M., Ludwig, R. & Fotsis, T. (1992) Identification in human urine of a natural growth inhibitor for cells derived from solid paediatric tumors. _Eur J Clin Invest_ 22: 260–264. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Severson, R. K., Nomura, A. M. Y., Grove, J-S & Stemmerman, G. N. (1989) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. _Cancer Res_ 49: 1857–1860. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Stearns, M. E. & Wang, M. (1993) Type IV collagenase (MWr 72,000) expression in human prostate: benign and malignant tissue. _Cancer Res_ 53: 878–883. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Tsuchiya, Y., Sato, H., Endo, Y., Okada, Y., Mai, M., Takuma, S. & Seiki, M. (1993) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is a negative regulator of the metastatic ability of a human gastric cancer cell line, kkls, in the chick embryo. _Cancer Res_ 53: 1397–1402. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málag, Málaga, E-29071, Spain I Fajardo, A R Quesada, I Núñez de Castro, F Sánchez-Jiménez & M Á Medina Authors * I Fajardo View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * A R Quesada View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * I Núñez de Castro View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * F Sánchez-Jiménez View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M Á Medina View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Fajardo, I., Quesada, A., Castro, I. _et al._ A comparative study of the effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on the proteolytic balance and tumour cell proliferation. _Br J Cancer_ 80, 17–24 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690315 Download citation * Received: 13 May 1998 * Revised: 04 August 1998 * Accepted: 06 November 1998 * Published: 26 March 1999 * Issue Date: 01 April 1999 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690315 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * angiogenesis * urokinase * plasminogen activator inhibitor * matrix metalloproteinase * tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase

ABSTRACT The cytotoxicity of two compounds described as anti-angiogenic, the isoflavone genistein and the oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol, has been studied in different human tumour


cell lines. Since the degradation of the extracellular matrix is one of the essential steps in angiogenesis, the potential modulatory effects of both compounds on the proteolytic balance in


media conditioned by different human tumour cells have been also investigated. The IC50 values for 2-methoxyestradiol were lower than those for genistein on all the cell lines tested. In all


the cell lines expressing measurable amounts of active enzymes, genistein induced a shift towards antiproteolysis in both matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase and


urokinase/plasminogen activator inhibitor proteolytic balances. On the other hand, 2-methoxyestradiol did not produce any clear net shift of the proteolytic balance, with the significant


exception of the matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase balance in WAC-2 cells, a neuroblastoma cell line with enhanced expression of the N-_myc_ oncogene. SIMILAR


CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS NATURAL RESVERATROL ANALOGS DIFFERENTIALLY TARGET ENDOMETRIOTIC CELLS INTO APOPTOSIS PATHWAYS Article Open access 15 July 2023 GINSENG GLUCOSYL OLEANOLATE


INHIBIT CERVICAL CANCER CELL PROLIFERATION AND ANGIOGENESIS VIA PI3K/AKT/HIF-1Α PATHWAY Article Open access 19 December 2024 ROBUSTAFLAVONE INDUCES G0/G1 CELL CYCLE ARREST AND APOPTOSIS IN


HUMAN UMBILICAL VEIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND EXHIBITS ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EFFECTS IN VIVO Article Open access 06 July 2020 ARTICLE PDF CHANGE HISTORY * _ 16 NOVEMBER 2011 This paper was modified


12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication _ REFERENCES * Akiyama, T., Ishida, I., Nakagawa, S., Ogawara, H., Watanabe, S.,


Itoh, N., Shibuya, M. & Fuami, Y. (1987) Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. _J Biol Chem_ 262: 5592–5595. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Alvarez, O.,


Carmichael, D. F. & Declerk, Y. A. (1990) Inhibition of collagenolytic activity and metastasis of tumor cells by a recombinant human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. _J Natl


Cancer Inst_ 82: 589–595. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Andreasen, P. A., Georg, B., Lund, L. R., Riccio, A. & Stacey, S. N. (1990) Plasminogen activators inhibitors:


hormonally regulated serpins. _Mol Cell Endocrinol_ 68: 1–19. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Barnes, S., Peterson, G., Grubbs, C. & Setchell, K. (1994). Potential role of


dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cancer. In _Diet and Cancer_: _Markers, Prevention, and Treatment_, Jacubs MM (ed) pp. 135–147. Plenum Press: New York * Blasi, F., Riccio, A. &


Sebatio, G. (1986). Human plasminogen activators: genes and protein structure. In _Human Genes and Diseases_, Blasi F (ed), pp. 377–414. Wiley: London * D’Amato, R. J., Lin, C. M., Flynn,


E., Folkman, J. & Hamel, E. (1994) 2-Methoxyestradiol, an endogenous mammalian metabolite, inhibits tubulin polymerization by interacting at the colchicine site. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_


91: 3964–3968. Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Danø, K., Andreasen, P. A., Grøhndahl-Hansen, J., Kristensen, P., Nielsen, L. S. & Skriver, L. (1985) Plasminogen


activators, tissue degradation and cancer. _Adv Cancer Res_ 44: 139–266. Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Donaldson, K. L., Goolsby, G., Kiener, P. A. & Wahl, A. F. (1994) Activation


of p34dcd2 coincident with taxol-induced apoptosis. _Cell Growth Differ_ 5: 1041–1050. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dunn, J. E. (1975) Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United


States – with emphasis on Hawaii and California – and Japan. _Cancer Res_ 35: 3240–3245. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Edmonard, H. & Grimaud, J. A. (1990) Matrix metalloproteinases. A


review. _Cell Mol Biol_ 36: 131–153. Google Scholar  * Folkman, J. (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. _Nature Med_ 1: 27–31. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google


Scholar  * Folkman, J. & Shing, Y. (1992) Angiogenesis. _J Biol Chem_ 267: 10931–10934. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Fotsis, T., Pepper, M., Adlercreutz, H., Fleischman, G., Hase, T.,


Montesano, R. & Schweigerer, L. (1993) Genistein, a dietary-derived inhibitor of _in vitro_ angiogenesis. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_ 90: 2690–2694. Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central 


Google Scholar  * Fotsis, T., Zhang, Y., Pepper, M. S., Adlercreutz, H., Montesano, R., Nauroth, P. P. & Schweigerer, L. (1994) The endogenous oestrogen metabolite 2-methoxyoestradiol


inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses tumour growth. _Nature_ 368: 237–239. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * García de Veas, R., Schweigerer, L. & Medina, M. A. (1995) Matrix


metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 expression in paediatric tumor cells. Effects of tumor cell proliferation modulators on gelatinolytic activity. _J Cancer Res


Clin Oncol_ 121: 275–278. Article  Google Scholar  * Gohji, K., Fujimoto, N., Fujii, A., Komiyama, T., Okawa, J. & Nakajima, M. (1996) Prognostic significance of circulating matrix


metalloproteinase-2 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 ratio in recurrence of urothelial cancer after complete resection. _Cancer Res_ 56: 3196–3198. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *


Gorczyca, W., Gong, J., Ardelt, B., Traganos, F. & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993) The cell cycle related differences in susceptibility of HL-60 cells to apoptosis induced by various antitumor


agents. _Cancer Res_ 53: 3186–3192. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Holmgren, L., O’Reilly, M. S. & Folkman, J. (1995) Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in


the presence of angiogenesis suppression. _Nature Med_ 1: 149–153. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Kohn, E. C. & Liotta, L. A. (1995) Molecular insights into cancer invasion:


strategies for prevention and intervention. _Cancer Res_ 55: 1856–1862. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Lau, H. K. F., Kim, M., Koo, J., Chiu, B. & Murray, D. (1995) Increase of a


urokinase receptor-related low-molecular-weight molecule in colorectal adenocarcinomas. _Clin Exp Metastasis_ 13: 492–498. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Liotta, L. A., Tryggvason,


K., Garbisa, S., Hart, I. R., Foltz, C. M. & Shaflie, S. (1980) Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement matrix collagen. _Nature_ 284: 67–69. Article  CAS


  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Liotta, L., Rao, C. N. & Bardsky, S. H. (1983) Tumor invasion and the extracellular matrix. _Lab Invest_ 49: 639–649. Google Scholar  * Liotta, L. A., Steeg,


P. S. & Stetler-Stevenson, W. G. (1991) Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. _Cell_ 64: 327–336. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *


Messina, M. J., Persky, V., Setchell, K. D. R. & Barnes, S. (1994) Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the _in vitro_ and _in vivo_ data. _Nutr Cancer_ 21: 113–131. Article  CAS 


PubMed  Google Scholar  * Montesano, R. (1992) Regulation of angiogenesis _in vitro_. _Eur J Clin Invest_ 22: 504–515. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Mossmann, T. (1983) Rapid


colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. _J Immunol Method_ 65: 55–63. Article  Google Scholar  * Nuovo, G. J., MacConnell,


P. B., Simsir, A., Valea, F. & French, D. L. (1995) Correlation of the _in situ_ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified metalloproteinase complementary DNAs and their


inhibitors with prognosis in cervical carcinoma. _Cancer Res_ 55: 267–275. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Packman, K. S., Demeure, M. D., Doffek, K. M. & Wilson, S. D. (1995) Increased


plasminogen activator and type IV collagenase activity in invasive follicular thyroid carcinoma cells. _Surgery_ 118: 1011–1017. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Parker, S. L., Tong,


T., Bolden, S. & Wingo, P. A. (1996) Cancer statistics. _CA Cancer J Clin_ 65: 5–27. Article  Google Scholar  * Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1991) Genistein inhibition of the growth of


human breast cancer cells: independence from estrogen receptors and the multi-drug resistance gene. _Biochem. Biophys Res Commun_ 179: 661–667. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  *


Peterson, G. & Barnes, S. (1996) Genistein inhibits both estrogen and growth factor-stimulated proliferation of human breast cancer cells. _Cell Growth Differ_ 7: 1345–1351. CAS  PubMed


  Google Scholar  * Schweigerer, L., Breit, S., Wenzel, A., Tsunamoto, K., Ludwig, R. & Schwab, M. (1990) Augmented N-MYC expression advances the malignant phenotype of human


neuroblastoma cells: evidence for induction of autocrine growth factor activity. _Cancer Res_ 50: 4411–4416. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schweigerer, L., Christeleit, K., Fleischmann, G.,


Adlercreutz, H., Wahala, K., Hase, T., Schwab, M., Ludwig, R. & Fotsis, T. (1992) Identification in human urine of a natural growth inhibitor for cells derived from solid paediatric


tumors. _Eur J Clin Invest_ 22: 260–264. Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Severson, R. K., Nomura, A. M. Y., Grove, J-S & Stemmerman, G. N. (1989) A prospective study of


demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. _Cancer Res_ 49: 1857–1860. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Stearns, M. E. & Wang, M. (1993) Type IV


collagenase (MWr 72,000) expression in human prostate: benign and malignant tissue. _Cancer Res_ 53: 878–883. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Tsuchiya, Y., Sato, H., Endo, Y., Okada, Y., Mai,


M., Takuma, S. & Seiki, M. (1993) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 is a negative regulator of the metastatic ability of a human gastric cancer cell line, kkls, in the chick


embryo. _Cancer Res_ 53: 1397–1402. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de


Ciencias, Universidad de Málag, Málaga, E-29071, Spain I Fajardo, A R Quesada, I Núñez de Castro, F Sánchez-Jiménez & M Á Medina Authors * I Fajardo View author publications You can


also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * A R Quesada View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * I Núñez de Castro View author


publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * F Sánchez-Jiménez View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * M Á Medina


View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under


the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Reprints and


permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Fajardo, I., Quesada, A., Castro, I. _et al._ A comparative study of the effects of genistein and 2-methoxyestradiol on the proteolytic


balance and tumour cell proliferation. _Br J Cancer_ 80, 17–24 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690315 Download citation * Received: 13 May 1998 * Revised: 04 August 1998 * Accepted:


06 November 1998 * Published: 26 March 1999 * Issue Date: 01 April 1999 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690315 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able


to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing


initiative KEYWORDS * angiogenesis * urokinase * plasminogen activator inhibitor * matrix metalloproteinase * tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase