Transient absorption changes in vivo during photodynamic therapy with pulsed-laser light

Transient absorption changes in vivo during photodynamic therapy with pulsed-laser light

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SUMMARY High intensity pulsed-laser light can be used to excite absorbing molecules to transient states in large proportions. The laser-induced spectral changes can be characterized by transient changes in light propagation; through the tissue provided the excited states of these molecules have altered absorption spectra. Characterization of these transient changes may then be used to exploit new mechanisms in photosensitization and/or to optimize photobiological effects. In this study, transmittance and reflectance were measured as a function of laser pulse energy, from tissue-simulating media as well as in rat muscle and liver slices, both with and without the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA) present. There was a transient decrease in absorption from the photosensitizer at peak pulse irradiance in the range of 100–1000 W cm–2. The depth of photodynamic treatment-induced tissue necrosis was measured in a subcutaneous prostate cancer model in Copenhagen rats. A comparison between continuous wave irradiation and pulsed irradiation with the same average incident irradiance showed no statistically significant difference in the depth of necrosis at 48 h after irradiation. These results indicate that photosensitizer population-state changes are measurable in tissues and may provide a method for measuring triplet-state properties of photosensitizer in vivo, but for BPD-MA at clinically used concentrations these changes do not significantly affect the depth of photodynamically-induced tissue damage. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS LOCAL MONITORING OF PHOTOSENSITIZER TRANSIENT STATES PROVIDES FEEDBACK FOR ENHANCED EFFICIENCY AND TARGETING SELECTIVITY IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY Article Open access 06 October 2023 BREAKING PHOTOSWITCH ACTIVATION DEPTH LIMIT USING IONISING RADIATION STIMULI ADAPTED TO CLINICAL APPLICATION Article Open access 14 July 2022 TAKING PHOTOTHERAPEUTICS FROM CONCEPT TO CLINICAL LAUNCH Article 06 October 2021 ARTICLE PDF CHANGE HISTORY * _ 16 NOVEMBER 2011 This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication _ REFERENCES * Andreoni, A. (1987). Two-step photoactivation of hematoporphyrin by excimer-pumped dye-laser pulses. _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 1: 187–193. Google Scholar  * Andreonia, A., Cubeddu, R. & Silvestrix, D. (1982). Two-step laser activation of hematoporphyrin derivative. _Chem Phys Lett_ 88: 37 Article  Google Scholar  * Aveline, B., Hasan, T. & Redmond, R. W. (1994). Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA). _Photochem Photobiol_ 59: 328–335. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Aveline, B. M., Hasan, T. & Redmond, R. W. (1995). The effects of aggregation, protein binding and cellular incorporation on the photophysical properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA). _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 30: 161–169. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ben-Hur, E., Newman, H. C., Crane, S. W. & Rosenthal, I. (1987). Pulsed versus continuous-wave 680 nm laser light in phtosensitization by chloroaluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. New Directions in Photodynamic Therapy. _Proc SPIE_ 847: 154–157. Article  Google Scholar  * Bown, S. G., Tralau, C. J., Smith, P. D., Akdemir, D. & Wieman, T. J. (1986). Photodynamic therapy with porphyrin and phthalocyanine sensitisation: quantitative studies in normal rat liver. _Br J Cancer_ 54: 43–52. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Cowled, P. A., Grace, J. R. & Forbes, I. J. (1984). Comparison of the efficacy of pulsed and continuous-wave red laser light in induction of photocytotoxicity by haematoporphyrin derivative. _Photochem Photobiol_ 39: 115–117. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * D’Hallewin, M. A. & Baert, L. (1995). Long-term results of whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy for carcinoma in situ of the bladder. _Urol_ 45: 763–767. Article  Google Scholar  * Farrell, T. J., Wilson, B. C., Patterson, M. S. & Chow, R. (1991). The dependence of photodynamic threshold dose on treatment parameters in normal rat liver in vivo. _Proc SPIE_ 1426: 146–155. Article  Google Scholar  * Ferrario, A., Rucker, N., Ryter, S. W., Doiron, D. R. & Gomer, C. J. (1991). Direct comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo Photofrin-II mediated photosensitization using a pulsed KTP pumped dye laser and a continuous wave argon ion pumped dye laser. _Lasers Surg Med_ 11: 404–410. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Foster, T. H., Murant, R. S., Bryant, R. G., Knox, R. S., Gibson, S. L. & Hilf, R. (1991). Oxygen consumption and diffusion effects in photodynamic therapy. _Rad Res_ 126: 296–303. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gibson, S. L., Foster, T. H., Feins, R. H., Raubertas, R. F., Fallon, M. A. & Hilf, R. (1994). Effects of photodynamic therapy on xenografts of human mesothelioma and rat mammary-carcinoma in nude-mice. _Br J Cancer_ 69: 473–481. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gomer, C. J. (1991). Preclinical examination of first and second generation photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy [Review]. _Photochem Photobiol_ 54: 1093–1107. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Hasan, T. & Parrish, J. A. (1996). Photodynamic therapy of cancer. In _Cancer Medicine_, 4th Edn, VOL. XIII, Holland JF, Frei E III, Bast RC Jr, Kufe DW, Morton DL and Weichselbaum RR (eds) pp. 739–751. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD Google Scholar  * Henderson, B. W., Waldow, S. M., Potter, W. R. & Dougherty, T. J. (1985). Interaction of photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia: tumor response and cell survival studies after treatment of mice in vivo. _Cancer Res_ 45: 6071–6077. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hua, Z. X., Gibson, S. L., Foster, T. H. & Hilf, R. (1995). Effectiveness of delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in-vivo. _Cancer Res_ 55: 1723–1731. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jocham, D., Baumgartner, R., Stepp, H. & Unsold, E. (1990). Clinical experience with the integral photodynamic therapy of bladder carcinoma. _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 6: 183–187. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Keir, W. F., Land, E. J., MacLennan, A. H., McGarvey, D. J. & Truscott, T. G. (1987). Pulsed radiation studies of photodynamic sensitizers: the nature of DHE. _Photochem Photobiol_ 46: 587–589. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Leunig, M., Leunig, A., Lankes, P. & Goetz, A. E. (1994). Evaluation of photodynamic therapy-induced heating of hamster melanoma and its effect on local tumour eradication. _Inter J Hypertherm_ 10: 297–306. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lui, H. & Anderson, R. R. (1993). Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: recent developments [Review]. _Derm Clinics_ 11: 1–13. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * McKenzie, A. L. & Carruth, J. A. S. (1986). A comparison of Gold-vapor and dye lasers for photodynamic therapy. _Lasers Med Sci_ 1: 117–120. Article  Google Scholar  * Moghissi, K., Dixon, K., Hudson, E. & Stringer, M. (1995). Photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer. _Laser Med Sci_ 10: 67–71. Article  Google Scholar  * Muller, P. J. & Wilson, B. C. (1990). Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumours. _Canadian J Neurol Sci_ 17: 193–198. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Narayan, S. & Sivak, M. V. Jr (1994). Palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Laser and photodynamic therapy [Review]. _Chest Surg Clinics North Am_ 4: 347–367. CAS  Google Scholar  * Okunaka, T., Kato, H., Konaka, C., Sakai, H., Kawabe, H. & Aizawa, K. (1992). A comparison between argon-dye and excimer-dye laser for photodynamic effect in transplanted mouse tumor. _Jap J Cancer Res_ 83: 226–231. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Panjehpour, M., Overholt, B. F., Denovo, R. C., Petersen, M. G. & Sneed, R. E. (1993). Comparative study between pulsed and continuous wave lasers for Photofrin photodynamic therapy. _Lasers Surg Med_ 13: 296–304. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Pass, H. I. (1993). Photodynamic therapy in oncology: mechanisms and clinical use. [Review] _J Nat lCancer Inst_ 85: 443–456. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Patterson, M. S. & Wilson, B. C. (1994). A theoretical study of the influence of photosensitizer photobleaching on depth of necrosis in photodynamic therapy. _Proc SPIE_ 2133 * Pe, M. B., Ikeda, H. & Inokuchi, T. (1994). Tumour destruction and proliferation kinetics following periodic, low power light, haematoporphyrin oligomers mediated photodynamic therapy in the mouse tongue. _Oral Oncol Euro. J Cancer: Part B_, 30B: 174–178. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Pogue, B. W., Redmond, R. W. & Hasant, T. (1996). A study of dosimetry for pulsed-laser photodynamic therapy. _Proc SPIE_ 2681: 130–139. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Pogue, B. W., Lilge, L., Patterson, M. S., Wilson, B. C. & Hasant, T. (1997). The absorbed photodynamic dose examined from pulsed and cw light using tissue-simulating dosimeters. _Appl Opt_ 36: 7257–7269. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Rausch, P. C., Rolfs, F., Winkler, M. R., Kottysch, A., Schauer, A. & Steiner, W. (1993). Pulsed versus continuous-wave excitation mechanisms in photodynamic therapy of differently graded squamous-cell carcinomas in tumor-implanted nude-mice. _Eur Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol_ 250: 82–87. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Richter, A. M., Waterfield, E., Jain, A. K., Canaan, A. J., Allison, B. A. & Levy, J. G. (1993). Liposomal delivery of a photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD), to tumor tissue in a mouse tumor model. _Photochem Photobiol_ 57: 1000–1006. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Rosenberg, S. J. & Williams, R. D. (1986). Photodynamic therapy of bladder carcinoma. _Urol Clinics North Am_ 13: 435–444. CAS  Google Scholar  * Shea, C. R., Hefetz, Y., Gilles, R., Wimberly, J., Dalickas, G. & Hasan, T. (1990). Mechanistic investigation of doxycycline photosensitization by picosecond-pulsed and continuous wave laser irradiation of cells in culture. _J Biol Chem_ 265: 5977–5982. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Shikowitz, M. J. (1992). Comparison of pulsed and continuous wave light in photodynamic therapy of papillomas: an experimental study. _Laryngoscope_ 102: 300–310. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Smith, G., McGimpsey, W. G., Lynch, M. C., Kochevar, I. E. & Redmond, R. W. (1994). An efficient oxygen-independent two-photon photosensitization mechanism. _Photochem Photobiol_ 59: 135–139. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Stiel, H., Teuchner, K., Leupold, D., Oberlander, S., Ehlert, J. & Jahnke, R. (1991). Computer aided laser-spectroscopic characterization and handling of molecular excited states. In _Intelligent Instruments and Computers_, pp. 79–88. Elsevier: Amsterdam Google Scholar  * Stiel, H., Marlow, I. & Roeder, B. (1993). Photophysical properties of the photosensitizer pheophorbide a studied at high photon flux densities. _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 17: 181–186. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Svaasand, L. O., Gomer, C. J. & Morinelli, E. (1990). On the physical rationale of photodynamic therapy. _SPIE Inst Series_ VOL. IS 6: 233–248. Google Scholar  * Van Staveren, H. J., Moes, C. J. M., van Marle, J., Prahl, S. A. & van Gemert, M. J. C. (1991). Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm. _Appl Opt_ 30: 4507–4514. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wang, L. & Jacques, S. (1992). Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues in standard C (from FTP site for MD Anderson Cancer Center) * Wilson, B. C., Patterson, M. S. & Burns, D. M. (1986). Effect of photosensitizer concentration in tissue on the penetration depth of photoactivating light. _Lasers Med Sci_ 1: 235–244. Article  Google Scholar  * Wilson, B. C., Farrell, T. J. & Patterson, M. S. (1990). An optical fiber-based diffuse reflectance spectrometer for non-invasive investigation of photodynamic sensitizers in vivo. _Future Directions and Applications in PDT_, SPIE Inst. Series VOL. 6: 219–232. Google Scholar  * Wilson, B. D., Mang, T. S., Stoll, H., Jones, C., Cooper, M. & Dougherty, T. J. (1992). Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. _Arch Derm_ 128: 1597–1601. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Dermatology, Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA B W Pogue, T Momma & T Hasan * Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA H C Wu Authors * B W Pogue View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * T Momma View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * H C Wu View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * T Hasan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Pogue, B., Momma, T., Wu, H. _et al._ Transient absorption changes in vivo during photodynamic therapy with pulsed-laser light. _Br J Cancer_ 80, 344–351 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690361 Download citation * Received: 12 June 1998 * Revised: 04 November 1998 * Accepted: 09 November 1998 * Published: 09 April 1999 * Issue Date: 01 May 1999 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690361 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * photosensitizer * BPD-MA * pulsed-laser * optical dosimetry * tumour

SUMMARY High intensity pulsed-laser light can be used to excite absorbing molecules to transient states in large proportions. The laser-induced spectral changes can be characterized by


transient changes in light propagation; through the tissue provided the excited states of these molecules have altered absorption spectra. Characterization of these transient changes may


then be used to exploit new mechanisms in photosensitization and/or to optimize photobiological effects. In this study, transmittance and reflectance were measured as a function of laser


pulse energy, from tissue-simulating media as well as in rat muscle and liver slices, both with and without the photosensitizer benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA) present. There was


a transient decrease in absorption from the photosensitizer at peak pulse irradiance in the range of 100–1000 W cm–2. The depth of photodynamic treatment-induced tissue necrosis was


measured in a subcutaneous prostate cancer model in Copenhagen rats. A comparison between continuous wave irradiation and pulsed irradiation with the same average incident irradiance showed


no statistically significant difference in the depth of necrosis at 48 h after irradiation. These results indicate that photosensitizer population-state changes are measurable in tissues and


may provide a method for measuring triplet-state properties of photosensitizer in vivo, but for BPD-MA at clinically used concentrations these changes do not significantly affect the depth


of photodynamically-induced tissue damage. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS LOCAL MONITORING OF PHOTOSENSITIZER TRANSIENT STATES PROVIDES FEEDBACK FOR ENHANCED EFFICIENCY AND TARGETING


SELECTIVITY IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY Article Open access 06 October 2023 BREAKING PHOTOSWITCH ACTIVATION DEPTH LIMIT USING IONISING RADIATION STIMULI ADAPTED TO CLINICAL APPLICATION Article


Open access 14 July 2022 TAKING PHOTOTHERAPEUTICS FROM CONCEPT TO CLINICAL LAUNCH Article 06 October 2021 ARTICLE PDF CHANGE HISTORY * _ 16 NOVEMBER 2011 This paper was modified 12 months


after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms, as noted at publication _ REFERENCES * Andreoni, A. (1987). Two-step photoactivation of hematoporphyrin by


excimer-pumped dye-laser pulses. _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 1: 187–193. Google Scholar  * Andreonia, A., Cubeddu, R. & Silvestrix, D. (1982). Two-step laser activation of


hematoporphyrin derivative. _Chem Phys Lett_ 88: 37 Article  Google Scholar  * Aveline, B., Hasan, T. & Redmond, R. W. (1994). Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of


benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA). _Photochem Photobiol_ 59: 328–335. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Aveline, B. M., Hasan, T. & Redmond, R. W. (1995). The effects of


aggregation, protein binding and cellular incorporation on the photophysical properties of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD-MA). _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_ 30: 161–169.


Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Ben-Hur, E., Newman, H. C., Crane, S. W. & Rosenthal, I. (1987). Pulsed versus continuous-wave 680 nm laser light in phtosensitization by chloroaluminium


phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate. New Directions in Photodynamic Therapy. _Proc SPIE_ 847: 154–157. Article  Google Scholar  * Bown, S. G., Tralau, C. J., Smith, P. D., Akdemir, D. &


Wieman, T. J. (1986). Photodynamic therapy with porphyrin and phthalocyanine sensitisation: quantitative studies in normal rat liver. _Br J Cancer_ 54: 43–52. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


Cowled, P. A., Grace, J. R. & Forbes, I. J. (1984). Comparison of the efficacy of pulsed and continuous-wave red laser light in induction of photocytotoxicity by haematoporphyrin


derivative. _Photochem Photobiol_ 39: 115–117. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * D’Hallewin, M. A. & Baert, L. (1995). Long-term results of whole bladder wall photodynamic therapy for


carcinoma in situ of the bladder. _Urol_ 45: 763–767. Article  Google Scholar  * Farrell, T. J., Wilson, B. C., Patterson, M. S. & Chow, R. (1991). The dependence of photodynamic


threshold dose on treatment parameters in normal rat liver in vivo. _Proc SPIE_ 1426: 146–155. Article  Google Scholar  * Ferrario, A., Rucker, N., Ryter, S. W., Doiron, D. R. & Gomer,


C. J. (1991). Direct comparison of in-vitro and in-vivo Photofrin-II mediated photosensitization using a pulsed KTP pumped dye laser and a continuous wave argon ion pumped dye laser. _Lasers


Surg Med_ 11: 404–410. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Foster, T. H., Murant, R. S., Bryant, R. G., Knox, R. S., Gibson, S. L. & Hilf, R. (1991). Oxygen consumption and diffusion


effects in photodynamic therapy. _Rad Res_ 126: 296–303. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gibson, S. L., Foster, T. H., Feins, R. H., Raubertas, R. F., Fallon, M. A. & Hilf, R. (1994).


Effects of photodynamic therapy on xenografts of human mesothelioma and rat mammary-carcinoma in nude-mice. _Br J Cancer_ 69: 473–481. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Gomer, C. J. (1991).


Preclinical examination of first and second generation photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy [Review]. _Photochem Photobiol_ 54: 1093–1107. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Hasan, T.


& Parrish, J. A. (1996). Photodynamic therapy of cancer. In _Cancer Medicine_, 4th Edn, VOL. XIII, Holland JF, Frei E III, Bast RC Jr, Kufe DW, Morton DL and Weichselbaum RR (eds) pp.


739–751. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD Google Scholar  * Henderson, B. W., Waldow, S. M., Potter, W. R. & Dougherty, T. J. (1985). Interaction of photodynamic therapy and


hyperthermia: tumor response and cell survival studies after treatment of mice in vivo. _Cancer Res_ 45: 6071–6077. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hua, Z. X., Gibson, S. L., Foster, T. H.


& Hilf, R. (1995). Effectiveness of delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in-vivo. _Cancer Res_ 55: 1723–1731. CAS  PubMed 


Google Scholar  * Jocham, D., Baumgartner, R., Stepp, H. & Unsold, E. (1990). Clinical experience with the integral photodynamic therapy of bladder carcinoma. _J Photochem Photobiol B


Biol_ 6: 183–187. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Keir, W. F., Land, E. J., MacLennan, A. H., McGarvey, D. J. & Truscott, T. G. (1987). Pulsed radiation studies of photodynamic


sensitizers: the nature of DHE. _Photochem Photobiol_ 46: 587–589. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Leunig, M., Leunig, A., Lankes, P. & Goetz, A. E. (1994). Evaluation of photodynamic


therapy-induced heating of hamster melanoma and its effect on local tumour eradication. _Inter J Hypertherm_ 10: 297–306. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Lui, H. & Anderson, R. R.


(1993). Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: recent developments [Review]. _Derm Clinics_ 11: 1–13. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * McKenzie, A. L. & Carruth, J. A. S. (1986). A


comparison of Gold-vapor and dye lasers for photodynamic therapy. _Lasers Med Sci_ 1: 117–120. Article  Google Scholar  * Moghissi, K., Dixon, K., Hudson, E. & Stringer, M. (1995).


Photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer. _Laser Med Sci_ 10: 67–71. Article  Google Scholar  * Muller, P. J. & Wilson, B. C. (1990). Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumours.


_Canadian J Neurol Sci_ 17: 193–198. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Narayan, S. & Sivak, M. V. Jr (1994). Palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Laser and photodynamic therapy [Review].


_Chest Surg Clinics North Am_ 4: 347–367. CAS  Google Scholar  * Okunaka, T., Kato, H., Konaka, C., Sakai, H., Kawabe, H. & Aizawa, K. (1992). A comparison between argon-dye and


excimer-dye laser for photodynamic effect in transplanted mouse tumor. _Jap J Cancer Res_ 83: 226–231. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Panjehpour, M., Overholt, B. F., Denovo, R. C.,


Petersen, M. G. & Sneed, R. E. (1993). Comparative study between pulsed and continuous wave lasers for Photofrin photodynamic therapy. _Lasers Surg Med_ 13: 296–304. Article  CAS  Google


Scholar  * Pass, H. I. (1993). Photodynamic therapy in oncology: mechanisms and clinical use. [Review] _J Nat lCancer Inst_ 85: 443–456. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Patterson, M. S.


& Wilson, B. C. (1994). A theoretical study of the influence of photosensitizer photobleaching on depth of necrosis in photodynamic therapy. _Proc SPIE_ 2133 * Pe, M. B., Ikeda, H. &


Inokuchi, T. (1994). Tumour destruction and proliferation kinetics following periodic, low power light, haematoporphyrin oligomers mediated photodynamic therapy in the mouse tongue. _Oral


Oncol Euro. J Cancer: Part B_, 30B: 174–178. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Pogue, B. W., Redmond, R. W. & Hasant, T. (1996). A study of dosimetry for pulsed-laser photodynamic therapy.


_Proc SPIE_ 2681: 130–139. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Pogue, B. W., Lilge, L., Patterson, M. S., Wilson, B. C. & Hasant, T. (1997). The absorbed photodynamic dose examined from


pulsed and cw light using tissue-simulating dosimeters. _Appl Opt_ 36: 7257–7269. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Rausch, P. C., Rolfs, F., Winkler, M. R., Kottysch, A., Schauer, A. &


Steiner, W. (1993). Pulsed versus continuous-wave excitation mechanisms in photodynamic therapy of differently graded squamous-cell carcinomas in tumor-implanted nude-mice. _Eur Arch Oto


Rhino Laryngol_ 250: 82–87. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Richter, A. M., Waterfield, E., Jain, A. K., Canaan, A. J., Allison, B. A. & Levy, J. G. (1993). Liposomal delivery of a


photosensitizer, benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD), to tumor tissue in a mouse tumor model. _Photochem Photobiol_ 57: 1000–1006. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Rosenberg, S.


J. & Williams, R. D. (1986). Photodynamic therapy of bladder carcinoma. _Urol Clinics North Am_ 13: 435–444. CAS  Google Scholar  * Shea, C. R., Hefetz, Y., Gilles, R., Wimberly, J.,


Dalickas, G. & Hasan, T. (1990). Mechanistic investigation of doxycycline photosensitization by picosecond-pulsed and continuous wave laser irradiation of cells in culture. _J Biol Chem_


265: 5977–5982. CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Shikowitz, M. J. (1992). Comparison of pulsed and continuous wave light in photodynamic therapy of papillomas: an experimental study.


_Laryngoscope_ 102: 300–310. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Smith, G., McGimpsey, W. G., Lynch, M. C., Kochevar, I. E. & Redmond, R. W. (1994). An efficient oxygen-independent


two-photon photosensitization mechanism. _Photochem Photobiol_ 59: 135–139. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Stiel, H., Teuchner, K., Leupold, D., Oberlander, S., Ehlert, J. & Jahnke, R.


(1991). Computer aided laser-spectroscopic characterization and handling of molecular excited states. In _Intelligent Instruments and Computers_, pp. 79–88. Elsevier: Amsterdam Google


Scholar  * Stiel, H., Marlow, I. & Roeder, B. (1993). Photophysical properties of the photosensitizer pheophorbide a studied at high photon flux densities. _J Photochem Photobiol B Biol_


17: 181–186. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Svaasand, L. O., Gomer, C. J. & Morinelli, E. (1990). On the physical rationale of photodynamic therapy. _SPIE Inst Series_ VOL. IS 6:


233–248. Google Scholar  * Van Staveren, H. J., Moes, C. J. M., van Marle, J., Prahl, S. A. & van Gemert, M. J. C. (1991). Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of


400–1100 nm. _Appl Opt_ 30: 4507–4514. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Wang, L. & Jacques, S. (1992). Monte Carlo modeling of light transport in multi-layered tissues in standard C (from


FTP site for MD Anderson Cancer Center) * Wilson, B. C., Patterson, M. S. & Burns, D. M. (1986). Effect of photosensitizer concentration in tissue on the penetration depth of


photoactivating light. _Lasers Med Sci_ 1: 235–244. Article  Google Scholar  * Wilson, B. C., Farrell, T. J. & Patterson, M. S. (1990). An optical fiber-based diffuse reflectance


spectrometer for non-invasive investigation of photodynamic sensitizers in vivo. _Future Directions and Applications in PDT_, SPIE Inst. Series VOL. 6: 219–232. Google Scholar  * Wilson, B.


D., Mang, T. S., Stoll, H., Jones, C., Cooper, M. & Dougherty, T. J. (1992). Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. _Arch Derm_ 128: 1597–1601. Article  CAS 


Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Dermatology, Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,


02114, MA, USA B W Pogue, T Momma & T Hasan * Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, MA, USA H C Wu Authors * B W Pogue View author publications You can


also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * T Momma View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * H C Wu View author publications You can


also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * T Hasan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS From twelve months


after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Pogue, B., Momma, T., Wu, H. _et al._ Transient absorption changes in vivo


during photodynamic therapy with pulsed-laser light. _Br J Cancer_ 80, 344–351 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690361 Download citation * Received: 12 June 1998 * Revised: 04


November 1998 * Accepted: 09 November 1998 * Published: 09 April 1999 * Issue Date: 01 May 1999 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6690361 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the


following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer


Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * photosensitizer * BPD-MA * pulsed-laser * optical dosimetry * tumour