Outcrossing rates as related to plant density in phlox drummondii

Outcrossing rates as related to plant density in phlox drummondii

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ABSTRACT Outcrossing rates were investigated in 20 populations of _Phlox drummondii_ using polymorphic allozyme loci. The analysis of progeny genotype arrays gave outcrossing estimates which varied from f = 0·69 to 1·01; the mean was 0·86. The estimated outcrossing rate deviated significantly from random mating in 13 populations. The deviation was due principally to crossing among relatives. Outcrossing rates were a weak inverse function of density. At one site the density of some subpopulations was artifically reduced; and the outcrossing rates in these subpopulations were significantly greater than in adjacent unmanipulated subpopulations SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS MATING SYSTEM AND POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF _TOONA CILIATA_ (MELIACEAE) IN SOUTH CHINA Article Open access 12 October 2020 LONG-TERM EXHAUSTION OF THE INBREEDING LOAD IN _DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER_ Article Open access 16 August 2021 FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF HYBRIDIZATION IN A PREDOMINANTLY SELFING SPECIES: INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF DOMINANCE AND EPISTATIC INCOMPATIBILITIES Article 07 August 2021 ARTICLE PDF REFERENCES * Bateman, A J. 1947. Contamination of seed crops. I. Insect pollination. _Genet_, 48, 257–275. CAS  Google Scholar  * Bateman, A J. 1956. Cryptic self-incompatibility in the wall-flower, _Cheiranthus cheiri_ L. _Heredity_, 10, 257–261. Article  Google Scholar  * Black, W C, and Krafsur, E S. 1985. A Fortran program for analysis of genotypic frequencies and description of the breeding structure of populations. _Theor Appl Genet_, 70, 484–490. Article  Google Scholar  * Brown, A H D. 1979. Enzyme polymorphism in plant populations. _Theor Pop Biol_, 15, 1–42. Article  Google Scholar  * Burdon, J J, Jarosz, A M, and Brown, A H D. 1988. Temporal patterns of reproduction and outcrossing in weedy populations of _Echium plantagineum_. _Biol J Linn Soc_, 34, 81–92. Article  Google Scholar  * Cheliak, W M, Dancik, B P, Morgan, K, Yeh, F C H, and Strobeck, C. 1985. Temporal variation of the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. _Genetics_, 109, 569–584. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Clegg, M T. 1980. Measuring plant mating systems. _Bioscience_, 30, 814–818. Article  Google Scholar  * Clegg, M T, Kahler, A L, and Allard, R W. 1978. Estimation of life cycle components of selection in an experimental plant population. _Genetics_, 89, 765–792. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Coles, J F, and Fowler, D P. 1976. Inbreeding in neighboring trees in two white spruce populations. _Silvae Genet_, 25, 29–34. Google Scholar  * Cuguen, J, Merzeau, D, and Thiebaut, B. 1988. Genetic structure of the European beech stands _(Fagus sylvatica_ L.): F-statistics and importance of mating system characteristics in their evolution. _Heredity_, 60, 91–100. Article  Google Scholar  * Dommee, B, Assouad, M W, and Valdeyron, G. 1978. Natural selection and gynodioecy in _Thymus vulgaris_ L. _Bot J Linn Soc_, 77, 17–28. Article  Google Scholar  * Draper, N R, and Smith, H. 1966. _Applied Regression Analysis_. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Google Scholar  * El Kassaby, Y A, Meagher, M D, Parkinson, J, and Portlock, E T. 1987. Allozyme inheritance, heterozygosity and outcrossing rate among _Pinus monticola_ near Ladysmith, British Columbia. _Heredity_, 58, 173–181. Article  Google Scholar  * Ellstrand, N C, Torres, A M, and Levin, D A. 1978. Density and the rate of apparent outcrossing in _Helianthus annuus_ (Asteraceae). _Syst Bot_ 3, 403–407. Article  Google Scholar  * Ennos, R A. 1985. The mating system and genetic structure in a perennial grass, _Cynosurus cristatus L_. _Heredity_, 55, 121–126. Article  Google Scholar  * Farris, M A, and Mitton, J B. 1984. Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. _Evolution_, 38, 1151–1154. Article  Google Scholar  * Fowler, D P. 1964. Effects of inbreeding in red pine, _Pinus resinosa_ Ait. II. Pollination studies. _Silvae Genet_ 14, 12–23. Google Scholar  * Fyfe, J L, and Bailey, N T J. 1951. Plant breeding studies in leguminous forage crops. I. Natural cross-breeding of winter beans. _J Agric Sci_, 41, 371–378. Article  Google Scholar  * Handel, S N. 1983. Pollination ecology, plant population structure, and gene flow. In L. Real (ed.) _Pollination Biology_. Academic Press, New York, pp. 163–211. Chapter  Google Scholar  * Hedrick, P W. 1983. _Genetics of Populations_. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Google Scholar  * Heywood, J S. 1980. Genetic correlates of edaphic differentiation and endemism in _Gaillardia_. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. * Horowitz, A, and Harding, J. 1972. Genetics of _Lupinus_. V. Intraspecific variability for reproductive traits in _Lupinus nanus_. _Bot Gaz_, 133, 155–166. Article  Google Scholar  * Leverich, W J. 1977. A demographic genetic analysis of _Phlox drummondii_Hook. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. * Levin, D A. 1977. The organization of genetic variability in _Phlox drummondii_. _Evolution_, 31, 477–494. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1978. Genetic variation in annual _Phlox:_ Self-compatible versus self-incompatible species. _Evolution_, 32, 245–263. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1981. Dispersal versus gene flow in plants. _Ann Missouri Bot Gard_, 68, 233–253. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1983. An immigration-hybridization episode in _Phlox_. _Evolution_, 37 575–582. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1984. Inbreeding depression and proximity dependent crossing success in _Phlox drummondii_. _Evolution_, 38, 166–177. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1985. Reproductive character displacement in _Phlox_. _Evolution_, 39, 1275–1281. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1989. Proximity-dependent cross-compatibility in _Phlox_. _Evolution_, 43, 1114–1116. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A, and Kerster, H W. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. _Evolutionary Biology_, 7, 139–220. Google Scholar  * Levin, D A, Ritter, K, and Ellstrand, N C. 1979. Protein polymorphism in the narrow endemic _Oenothera organensis_. _Evolution_, 33, 534–542. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Marshall, D F, and Abbott, R J. 1982. Polymorphism for outcrossing frequency at the ray floret locus in _Senecio vulgaris_ L. 1. Evidence. _Heredity_, 48, 227–235. Article  Google Scholar  * Moran, G B, and Brown, A H D. 1980. Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in Alpine Ash _(Eucalyptus delegatensis_ R.T. Bak.). _Theor Appl Genet_, 57, 101–108. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Neale, D B, and Adams, W T. 1985. The mating system in natural and shelterwood stands of Douglasfir. _Theor Appl Genet_, 71, 201–207. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * O'Malley, D M, and Bawa, K S. 1987. Mating system of a tropical rain forest tree species. _Amer J Bot_, 74, 1143–1149. Article  Google Scholar  * Perez De La Vega, M, and Allard, R W. 1984. Mating system and genetic polymorphism in populations of _Secale_ _cereale_ and _S. vavilovii_. _Canad J Genet Cytol_, 26, 308–317. Article  Google Scholar  * Rao, C R. 1973. _Linear Statistical Inference and its Application_, 2nd edn. Wiley and Sons, New York. Book  Google Scholar  * Schoen, D J, and Clegg, M T. 1984. Estimation of mating parameters when outcrossing events are correlated. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_, 81, 5258–5262. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Schoen, D J, and Clegg, M T. 1986. Monte Carlo studies of plant mating system estimation models. The one-pollen parent and mixed mating models. _Genetics_, 112, 927–945. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Shaw, D V, Kahler, A L, and Allard, R W. 1981. A multilocus estimator of mating system parameters in plant populations. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_, 78 1298–1302. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Shea, K L. 1987. Effects of population structure and cone production on outcrossing rates in Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. _Evolution_, 41, 124–136. Article  Google Scholar  * Sokal, R R, and Rohlf, F J. 1981. _Biometry_, 2nd edn. Freeman, San Francisco. Google Scholar  * Vaquero, F, Vences, F J, Garcia, P, Ramirez, L, and Perez De Al Vega, M. 1989. Mating system in rye: variability in relation to the population and plant density. _Heredity_, 62, 17–26. Article  Google Scholar  * Vasek, F C. 1965. Outcrossing in natural populations II. _Clarkia unguiculata_. _Evolution_, 19, 152–156. Article  Google Scholar  * Weil, J, and Allard, R W. 1964. The mating system and genetic variability in natural populations of _Collinsia_ _heterophylla_. _Evolution_, 18 515–525. Article  Google Scholar  * Weir, B S, and Cockerham, C C. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. _Evolution_, 38, 1358–1370. CAS  Google Scholar  * Wolff, K, Frisco, B, and Van Damme, J M M. 1988. Out-crossing rates and male sterility in natural populations of _Plantago coronopus_. _Theor Appl Genet_, 76, 190–196. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Workman, P L, and Niswander, J D. 1970. Population studies on southwest Indian tribes. II. Local genetic differences in the Papago. _Amer J Human Genet_, 22, 24–49. CAS  Google Scholar  * Wright, S. 1951. The genetical structure of populations. _Ann Eugen_, 15, 323–354. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Yazdani, R, Muona, O, Rudin, D, and Szmidt, A E. 1985. Genetic structure of a _Pinus sylvestris_ L. seed-tree stand and naturally regenerated understory. _Forest Set_, 31, 430–436. Google Scholar  * Yeh, F C, and Morgan, K. 1987. Mating system and multilocus associations in a natural population of _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ (Mirb.) Franco. _Theor Appl Genet_, 73, 799–808. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, 78713, Texas, USA Lee Watkins & Donald A Levin Authors * Lee Watkins View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Donald A Levin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Watkins, L., Levin, D. Outcrossing rates as related to plant density in _Phlox drummondii_. _Heredity_ 65, 81–89 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.73 Download citation * Received: 02 January 1990 * Issue Date: 01 August 1990 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.73 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

ABSTRACT Outcrossing rates were investigated in 20 populations of _Phlox drummondii_ using polymorphic allozyme loci. The analysis of progeny genotype arrays gave outcrossing estimates which


varied from f = 0·69 to 1·01; the mean was 0·86. The estimated outcrossing rate deviated significantly from random mating in 13 populations. The deviation was due principally to crossing


among relatives. Outcrossing rates were a weak inverse function of density. At one site the density of some subpopulations was artifically reduced; and the outcrossing rates in these


subpopulations were significantly greater than in adjacent unmanipulated subpopulations SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS MATING SYSTEM AND POPULATION STRUCTURE IN THE NATURAL


DISTRIBUTION OF _TOONA CILIATA_ (MELIACEAE) IN SOUTH CHINA Article Open access 12 October 2020 LONG-TERM EXHAUSTION OF THE INBREEDING LOAD IN _DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER_ Article Open access 16


August 2021 FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF HYBRIDIZATION IN A PREDOMINANTLY SELFING SPECIES: INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF DOMINANCE AND EPISTATIC INCOMPATIBILITIES Article 07 August 2021 ARTICLE PDF


REFERENCES * Bateman, A J. 1947. Contamination of seed crops. I. Insect pollination. _Genet_, 48, 257–275. CAS  Google Scholar  * Bateman, A J. 1956. Cryptic self-incompatibility in the


wall-flower, _Cheiranthus cheiri_ L. _Heredity_, 10, 257–261. Article  Google Scholar  * Black, W C, and Krafsur, E S. 1985. A Fortran program for analysis of genotypic frequencies and


description of the breeding structure of populations. _Theor Appl Genet_, 70, 484–490. Article  Google Scholar  * Brown, A H D. 1979. Enzyme polymorphism in plant populations. _Theor Pop


Biol_, 15, 1–42. Article  Google Scholar  * Burdon, J J, Jarosz, A M, and Brown, A H D. 1988. Temporal patterns of reproduction and outcrossing in weedy populations of _Echium plantagineum_.


_Biol J Linn Soc_, 34, 81–92. Article  Google Scholar  * Cheliak, W M, Dancik, B P, Morgan, K, Yeh, F C H, and Strobeck, C. 1985. Temporal variation of the mating system in a natural


population of jack pine. _Genetics_, 109, 569–584. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Clegg, M T. 1980. Measuring plant mating systems. _Bioscience_, 30, 814–818. Article  Google


Scholar  * Clegg, M T, Kahler, A L, and Allard, R W. 1978. Estimation of life cycle components of selection in an experimental plant population. _Genetics_, 89, 765–792. CAS  PubMed  PubMed


Central  Google Scholar  * Coles, J F, and Fowler, D P. 1976. Inbreeding in neighboring trees in two white spruce populations. _Silvae Genet_, 25, 29–34. Google Scholar  * Cuguen, J,


Merzeau, D, and Thiebaut, B. 1988. Genetic structure of the European beech stands _(Fagus sylvatica_ L.): F-statistics and importance of mating system characteristics in their evolution.


_Heredity_, 60, 91–100. Article  Google Scholar  * Dommee, B, Assouad, M W, and Valdeyron, G. 1978. Natural selection and gynodioecy in _Thymus vulgaris_ L. _Bot J Linn Soc_, 77, 17–28.


Article  Google Scholar  * Draper, N R, and Smith, H. 1966. _Applied Regression Analysis_. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Google Scholar  * El Kassaby, Y A, Meagher, M D, Parkinson, J,


and Portlock, E T. 1987. Allozyme inheritance, heterozygosity and outcrossing rate among _Pinus monticola_ near Ladysmith, British Columbia. _Heredity_, 58, 173–181. Article  Google Scholar


  * Ellstrand, N C, Torres, A M, and Levin, D A. 1978. Density and the rate of apparent outcrossing in _Helianthus annuus_ (Asteraceae). _Syst Bot_ 3, 403–407. Article  Google Scholar  *


Ennos, R A. 1985. The mating system and genetic structure in a perennial grass, _Cynosurus cristatus L_. _Heredity_, 55, 121–126. Article  Google Scholar  * Farris, M A, and Mitton, J B.


1984. Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. _Evolution_, 38, 1151–1154. Article  Google Scholar  * Fowler, D P. 1964. Effects of inbreeding in


red pine, _Pinus resinosa_ Ait. II. Pollination studies. _Silvae Genet_ 14, 12–23. Google Scholar  * Fyfe, J L, and Bailey, N T J. 1951. Plant breeding studies in leguminous forage crops.


I. Natural cross-breeding of winter beans. _J Agric Sci_, 41, 371–378. Article  Google Scholar  * Handel, S N. 1983. Pollination ecology, plant population structure, and gene flow. In L.


Real (ed.) _Pollination Biology_. Academic Press, New York, pp. 163–211. Chapter  Google Scholar  * Hedrick, P W. 1983. _Genetics of Populations_. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Google


Scholar  * Heywood, J S. 1980. Genetic correlates of edaphic differentiation and endemism in _Gaillardia_. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. * Horowitz, A, and Harding, J.


1972. Genetics of _Lupinus_. V. Intraspecific variability for reproductive traits in _Lupinus nanus_. _Bot Gaz_, 133, 155–166. Article  Google Scholar  * Leverich, W J. 1977. A demographic


genetic analysis of _Phlox drummondii_Hook. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. * Levin, D A. 1977. The organization of genetic variability in _Phlox drummondii_. _Evolution_,


31, 477–494. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1978. Genetic variation in annual _Phlox:_ Self-compatible versus self-incompatible species. _Evolution_, 32, 245–263. Article  Google


Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1981. Dispersal versus gene flow in plants. _Ann Missouri Bot Gard_, 68, 233–253. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1983. An immigration-hybridization episode in


_Phlox_. _Evolution_, 37 575–582. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1984. Inbreeding depression and proximity dependent crossing success in _Phlox drummondii_. _Evolution_, 38, 166–177.


Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1985. Reproductive character displacement in _Phlox_. _Evolution_, 39, 1275–1281. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A. 1989. Proximity-dependent


cross-compatibility in _Phlox_. _Evolution_, 43, 1114–1116. Article  Google Scholar  * Levin, D A, and Kerster, H W. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. _Evolutionary Biology_, 7, 139–220.


Google Scholar  * Levin, D A, Ritter, K, and Ellstrand, N C. 1979. Protein polymorphism in the narrow endemic _Oenothera organensis_. _Evolution_, 33, 534–542. Article  CAS  Google Scholar 


* Marshall, D F, and Abbott, R J. 1982. Polymorphism for outcrossing frequency at the ray floret locus in _Senecio vulgaris_ L. 1. Evidence. _Heredity_, 48, 227–235. Article  Google Scholar


  * Moran, G B, and Brown, A H D. 1980. Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in Alpine Ash _(Eucalyptus delegatensis_ R.T. Bak.). _Theor Appl Genet_, 57, 101–108. Article  CAS  Google


Scholar  * Neale, D B, and Adams, W T. 1985. The mating system in natural and shelterwood stands of Douglasfir. _Theor Appl Genet_, 71, 201–207. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  *


O'Malley, D M, and Bawa, K S. 1987. Mating system of a tropical rain forest tree species. _Amer J Bot_, 74, 1143–1149. Article  Google Scholar  * Perez De La Vega, M, and Allard, R W.


1984. Mating system and genetic polymorphism in populations of _Secale_ _cereale_ and _S. vavilovii_. _Canad J Genet Cytol_, 26, 308–317. Article  Google Scholar  * Rao, C R. 1973. _Linear


Statistical Inference and its Application_, 2nd edn. Wiley and Sons, New York. Book  Google Scholar  * Schoen, D J, and Clegg, M T. 1984. Estimation of mating parameters when outcrossing


events are correlated. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_, 81, 5258–5262. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Schoen, D J, and Clegg, M T. 1986. Monte Carlo studies of plant mating system estimation


models. The one-pollen parent and mixed mating models. _Genetics_, 112, 927–945. CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  * Shaw, D V, Kahler, A L, and Allard, R W. 1981. A multilocus


estimator of mating system parameters in plant populations. _Proc Natl Acad Sci USA_, 78 1298–1302. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Shea, K L. 1987. Effects of population structure and cone


production on outcrossing rates in Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. _Evolution_, 41, 124–136. Article  Google Scholar  * Sokal, R R, and Rohlf, F J. 1981. _Biometry_, 2nd edn. Freeman,


San Francisco. Google Scholar  * Vaquero, F, Vences, F J, Garcia, P, Ramirez, L, and Perez De Al Vega, M. 1989. Mating system in rye: variability in relation to the population and plant


density. _Heredity_, 62, 17–26. Article  Google Scholar  * Vasek, F C. 1965. Outcrossing in natural populations II. _Clarkia unguiculata_. _Evolution_, 19, 152–156. Article  Google Scholar 


* Weil, J, and Allard, R W. 1964. The mating system and genetic variability in natural populations of _Collinsia_ _heterophylla_. _Evolution_, 18 515–525. Article  Google Scholar  * Weir, B


S, and Cockerham, C C. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. _Evolution_, 38, 1358–1370. CAS  Google Scholar  * Wolff, K, Frisco, B, and Van Damme, J M M.


1988. Out-crossing rates and male sterility in natural populations of _Plantago coronopus_. _Theor Appl Genet_, 76, 190–196. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Workman, P L, and Niswander, J D.


1970. Population studies on southwest Indian tribes. II. Local genetic differences in the Papago. _Amer J Human Genet_, 22, 24–49. CAS  Google Scholar  * Wright, S. 1951. The genetical


structure of populations. _Ann Eugen_, 15, 323–354. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * Yazdani, R, Muona, O, Rudin, D, and Szmidt, A E. 1985. Genetic structure of a _Pinus sylvestris_ L.


seed-tree stand and naturally regenerated understory. _Forest Set_, 31, 430–436. Google Scholar  * Yeh, F C, and Morgan, K. 1987. Mating system and multilocus associations in a natural


population of _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ (Mirb.) Franco. _Theor Appl Genet_, 73, 799–808. Article  CAS  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS *


Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, 78713, Texas, USA Lee Watkins & Donald A Levin Authors * Lee Watkins View author publications You can also search for this author


inPubMed Google Scholar * Donald A Levin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS


ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Watkins, L., Levin, D. Outcrossing rates as related to plant density in _Phlox drummondii_. _Heredity_ 65, 81–89 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.73


Download citation * Received: 02 January 1990 * Issue Date: 01 August 1990 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1990.73 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able


to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing


initiative