Play all audios:
ABSTRACT The number of melanoma cases in the elderly (>65 years) will rise over the coming decades, making it an important public health problem. Elderly white men are the demographic
group who are at highest risk of being diagnosed with melanoma and of dying from this cancer. Among patients with melanoma, older age is recognized as an independent poor prognostic factor,
but it remains unclear whether this relationship is due to a change in the biology of the disease with increasing patient age, declining host defenses, or both. Most elderly patients can
have surgery to control locoregional disease, but might not be candidates for intensive biologic therapies for advanced melanoma because of comorbidities and inability to tolerate the
adverse side effects of these treatments. Early detection remains an important strategy for the management of melanoma. Further research is needed to determine why older melanoma patients
have a worse prognosis than their younger counterparts, even when matched for all other clinical and pathological predictors of survival outcomes. KEY POINTS * The number of melanoma cases
among the elderly (>65 years) is expected to increase owing to the aging population * Older men are at higher risk of developing melanoma, and once diagnosed, are at higher risk of dying
from this cancer compared with other demographic groups * Older men often present with thicker lesions and a truncal location compared with older women, making self-detection less likely *
Melanomas in elderly patients often have poor prognostic features compared with younger patients, including ulceration, elevated mitotic rate, and head and neck location * Older age is an
independent, adverse prognostic factor even after taking all other factors into account * Older patients are less likely to receive standard surgery for melanoma, although they usually
tolerate these surgeries well Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your
institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access
to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read
our FAQs * Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS RISK OF SECOND PRIMARY MALIGNANCIES AMONG SURVIVORS OF CUTANEOUS MELANOMA: A NATIONWIDE POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN
THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA Article Open access 28 January 2025 CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG PATIENTS WITH CUTANEOUS MELANOMA: A US POPULATION-BASED STUDY Article Open access 24 June 2023 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A POPULATION-BASED COHORT OF CUTANEOUS MALIGNANT MELANOMA PATIENTS IN THE SOUTH REGION OF PORTUGAL Article Open access 06 April 2023 REFERENCES * He, W.,
Sengupta, M., Velkoff, V. A. & DeBarros, K. A. 65+ in the United States. _US Census Bureau_ [online], (2005). Google Scholar * Quaglia, A. _ et al_. The cancer survival gap between
elderly and middle-aged patients in Europe is widening. _Eur. J. Cancer_ 45, 1006–1018 (2009). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Vercelli, M. _ et al_. Relative survival in elderly European
cancer patients: evidence for health care inequalities. The EUROCARE Working Group. _Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol._ 35, 161–179 (2000). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Horner, M. J. _
et al_. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2006 _National Cancer Institute_ [online], (2009). Google Scholar * Linos, E., Swetter, S. M., Cockburn, M. G., Colditz, G. A. & Clarke, C.
A. Increasing burden of melanoma in the United States. _J. Invest. Dermatol._ 129, 1666–1674 (2009). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Geller, A. C. _ et al_.
Strategies for improving melanoma education and screening for men age ≥50 years: findings from the American Academy of Dermatological National Skin Cancer Sreening Program. _Cancer_ 95,
1554–1561 (2002). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Field, M. J. _ et al_. _Extending Medicare coverage for preventive and other services_ 38–62 (National Academy Press, Washington DC,
2000). Google Scholar * Berg, A. & US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for skin cancer: Recommendations and rationale. _Am. J. Prev. Med._ 20 (Suppl. 1), 44–46 (2001). Article
Google Scholar * Geller, A. C., Swetter, S. M., Brooks, K., Demierre, M. F. & Yaroch, A. L. Screening, early detection, and trends for melanoma: current status (2000–2006) and future
directions. _J. Am. Acad. Dermatol._ 57, 555–572 (2007). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Jemal, A. _ et al_. Cancer statistics, 2008. _CA Cancer J. Clin._ 58, 71–96 (2008). Article
Google Scholar * Howe, H. L. _ et al_. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends. _J. Natl Cancer Inst._ 93,
824–842 (2001). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Jemal, A., Devesa, S. S., Hartge, P. & Tucker, M. A. Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the United
States. _J. Natl Cancer Inst._ 93, 678–683 (2001). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Balch, C. M. _ et al_. Prognostic factors analysis of 17,600 melanoma patients: validation of the
American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system. _J. Clin. Oncol._ 19, 3622–3634 (2001). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Balch, C. M. _ et al_. Final version of the
American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. _J. Clin. Oncol._ 19, 3635–3648 (2001). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Schwartz, J. L. _ et al_. Thin
primary cutaneous melanomas: associated detection patterns, lesion characteristics, and patient characteristics. _Cancer_ 95, 1562–1568 (2002). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Koh, H. K.
_ et al_. Who discovers melanoma? Patterns from a population-based survey. _J. Am. Acad. Dermatol._ 26, 914–919 (1992). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Brady, M. S. _ et al_.
Patterns of detection in patients with cutaneous melanoma. _Cancer_ 89, 342–347 (2000). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Epstein, D. S., Lange, J. R., Gruber, S. B., Mofid, M. &
Koch, S. E. Is physician detection associated with thinner melanomas? _JAMA_ 2 81, 640–643 (1999). Article Google Scholar * de Vries, E. _ et al_. Superior survival of females among 10,538
Dutch melanoma patients is independent of Breslow thickness, histologic type and tumor site. _Ann. Oncol._ 19, 583–589 (2008). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Murray, C. S.,
Stockton, D. L. & Doherty, V. R. Thick melanoma: the challenge persists. _Br. J. Dermatol._ 152, 104–109 (2005). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Demierre, M. F., Chung, C.,
Miller, D. R. & Geller, A. C. Early detection of thick melanomas in the United States: beware of the nodular subtype. _Arch. Dermatol._ 141, 745–750 (2005). PubMed Google Scholar *
Chao, C. _ et al_. Correlation between prognostic factors and increasing age in melanoma. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 11, 259–264 (2004). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Bergenmar, M., Hansson,
J. & Brandberg, Y. Detection of nodular and superficial spreading melanoma with tumour thickness ≤2.0 mm—an interview study. _Eur. J. Cancer Prev._ 11, 49–55 (2002). Article CAS PubMed
Google Scholar * Paek, S. C. _ et al_. The impact of factors beyond Breslow depth on predicting sentinel lymph node positivity in melanoma. _Cancer_ 109, 100–108 (2007). Article PubMed
Google Scholar * Statius Muller, M. G. _ et al_. The sentinel lymph node status is an important factor for predicting clinical outcome in patients with stage I or II cutaneous melanoma.
_Cancer_ 91, 2401–2408 (2001). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Gershenwald, J. E. _ et al_. Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients
with stage I or II melanoma. _J. Clin. Oncol._ 16, 2253–2260 (1998). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Azzola, M. F. _ et al_. Tumor mitotic rate is a more powerful prognostic
indicator than ulceration in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma: an analysis of 3661 patients from a single center. _Cancer_ 97, 1488–1498 (2003). Article PubMed Google Scholar *
Sondak, V. K. _ et al_. Mitotic rate and younger age are predictors of sentinel lymph node positivity: lessons learned from the generation of a probabilistic model. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 11,
247–258 (2004). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Attis, M. G. & Vollmer, R. T. Mitotic rate in melanoma: a reexamination. _Am. J. Clin. Pathol._ 127, 380–384 (2007). Article PubMed
Google Scholar * Austin, P. F. _ et al_. Age as a prognostic factor in the malignant melanoma population. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 1, 487–494 (1994). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar *
Lasithiotakis, K. _ et al_. Age and gender are significant independent predictors of survival in primary cutaneous melanoma. _Cancer_ 112, 1795–1804 (2008). Article PubMed Google Scholar
* Balch, C. M. _ et al_. Long-term results of a prospective surgical trial comparing 2 cm vs 4 cm excision margins for 740 patients with 1–4 mm melanomas. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 8, 101–108
(2001). CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Cohn-Cedermark, G. _ et al_. Long term results of a randomized study by the Swedish Melanoma Study Group on 2-cm versus 5-cm resection margins for
patients with cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 0.8–20 mm. _Cancer_ 89, 1495–1501 (2000). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Veronesi, U. _ et al_. Thin stage I primary
cutaneous malignant melanoma. Comparison of excision with margins of 1 or 3 cm. _N. Engl. J. Med._ 318, 1159–1162 (1988). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Morton, D. L. _ et al_.
Sentinel-node biopsy or nodal observation in melanoma. _N. Engl. J. Med._ 355, 1307–1317 (2006). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar * Grange, F. _ et al_. Variations in management of
stage I to stage III cutaneous melanoma: a population-based study of clinical practices in France. _Arch. Dermatol._ 144, 629–636 (2008). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Cormier, J. N. _
et al_. Population-based assessment of surgical treatment trends for patients with melanoma in the era of sentinel lymph node biopsy. _J. Clin. Oncol._ 23, 6054–6062 (2005). Article PubMed
Google Scholar * Bilimoria, K. Y. _ et al_. Health care system and socioeconomic factors associated with variance in use of sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma in the United States.
_J. Clin. Oncol._ 27, 1857–1863 (2009). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Bilimoria, K. Y. _ et al_. Complete lymph node dissection for sentinel node-positive melanoma: assessment of
practice patterns in the United States. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 15, 1566–1576 (2008). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Pan, W. R., Suami, H. & Taylor, G. I. Senile changes in human lymph
nodes. _Lymphat. Res. Biol._ 6, 77–94 (2008). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Pawlik, T. M. _ et al_. Predictors and natural history of in-transit melanoma after sentinel lymphadenectomy.
_Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 12, 587–596 (2005). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Conway, W. C. _ et al_. Age-related lymphatic dysfunction in melanoma patients. _Ann. Surg. Oncol._ 16, 1548–1552
(2009). Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar * Wolff, T., Tai, E. & Miller, T. Screening for skin cancer: an update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force. _Ann. Intern. Med._ 150, 194–199 (2009). Article PubMed Google Scholar * Geller, A. C., Miller, D. R., Swetter, S. M., Demierre, M. F. & Gilchrest, B. A. A call for the
development and implementation of a targeted national melanoma screening program. _Arch. Dermatol._ 142, 504–507 (2006). Article PubMed Google Scholar Download references AUTHOR
INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Carnegie 681, Baltimore, 21287, MD, USA Susan Tsai, Charles Balch & Julie
Lange Authors * Susan Tsai View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Charles Balch View author publications You can also search for this author
inPubMed Google Scholar * Julie Lange View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Charles Balch. ETHICS
DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Tsai, S., Balch,
C. & Lange, J. Epidemiology and treatment of melanoma in elderly patients. _Nat Rev Clin Oncol_ 7, 148–152 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.1 Download citation * Published:
09 February 2010 * Issue Date: March 2010 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.1 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get
shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative