Genomics, public health and developing countries: the case of the mexican national institute of genomic medicine (inmegen)

Genomics, public health and developing countries: the case of the mexican national institute of genomic medicine (inmegen)

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ABSTRACT In 2004, the government of Mexico established the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), to carry out disease-related genomic studies that will address national health problems and stimulate scientific and technological development by generating new commercial products and services in genomic medicine. Towards this end, INMEGEN is carrying out a large-scale genotyping project to map genomic variation within its own population. The initiative is expected to generate a key resource for local researchers to understand disease susceptibility and variation in drug responses, which will contribute to Mexico's goal of developing public health genomics — a field in which Mexico is proving to be a leader amongst emerging economies. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs * Contact customer support REFERENCES * Boutayeb, A. The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. _Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg._ 100, 191–199 (2006). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico. Propuesta de una ley de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. [online], <http://www.foroconsultivo.org.mx/documentos/ley_ctei/segundo_borrador_agosto_ 2007.pdf> (2007) (in Spanish). * Séguin, B. & Hardy, B, Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Human genomic variation initiatives in emerging economies and developing countries. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 9 (Suppl), S3–S4 (2008). Article  Google Scholar  * Séguin, B. & Hardy, B, Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Genomic medicine and developing countries: creating a room of their own. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 9, 487–493 (2008). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G. Programa de Trabajo Para Dirigir el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica 2004–2009. _INMEGEN_ [online], <http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/images/stories/publicaciones/pdf/prog_trab0409.pdf> (2004). Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G. Developing a platform for genomic medicine in Mexico. _Science_ 300, 295–296 (2003). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G. & Lara, C. in _Panorama Internacional en Salud y Derecho. Culturas y Sistemas Juridicos Comparados_ (ed. Brena-Sesma, I.) 391 (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, 2007) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Daar, A. S. & Singer, P. A. Pharmacogenetics and geographical ancestry: implications for drug development and global health. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 6, 241–246 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Abecasis, G. et al. Human Genome Variation 2006: emerging views on structural variation and large-scale SNP analysis. _Nature Genet._ 39, 153–155 (2007). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Redon, R. et al. Global variation in copy number in the human genome. _Nature_ 444, 444–454 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Becerril, A. Aprueba el Senado sanciones a quienes trasladen tejido humano fuera de México. _La Journada_ [online], <http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/03/28/index.php?section=sociedad&article= 046n1soc> (2008) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Genomics and Benefits Share. _Parliamentary Gazette_ IX, No 1953 (2006). * Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. How Does Mexico Compare? _OECD Health Data 2008_ [online], <http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/9/38980018.pdf> (2008). * Instituto Nacional de Estidística y Geografía. Información estadística. [online], <http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob45&c=32> (2008) (in Spanish). * Lara-Alverez, C. et al. Ethical, legal and social aspects of the Mexican Genomic Variability Project. _INMEGEN_ [online], <http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/images/stories/publicaciones/memorias/hugo2007/ lara.pdf> (2007). Google Scholar  * Dalton, R. When two tribes go to war. _Nature_ 430, 500–502 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dalton, R. Tribe blasts 'exploitation' of blood samples. _Nature_ 420, 111 (2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hakimian, R. & Korn, D. Ownership and use of tissue specimens for research. _JAMA_ 292, 2500–2505 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Schmidt, C. W. Indi-gene-ous conflict. _Environ. Health Perspect._ 109, A216–A219 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Frew, S. E., Sammut, S. M., Siu, W. W., Daar, A. S. & Singer, P. A. The role of the domestic private sector in developing countries for addressing local health needs. _Int. J. Biotech._ 8, 91–102 (2006). Article  Google Scholar  * Solleiro, J. L. & Briseno, A. Propiedad intelectual II: el caso de la biotecnologia en Mexico. _Interciencia_ 28, No 2, 90–94 (2003) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Hidalgo-Miranda, A. et al. Proyecto mapa genomico de los Mexicanos. _Ciencia y Desarrollo_ 32, 191 (2006) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Séguin, B., State, L., Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Scientific diasporas as an option for brain drain: re-circulating knowledge for development. _Int. J. Biotech._ 8, 78 (2006). Article  Google Scholar  * Séguin, B., Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Science community: scientific diasporas. _Science_ 312, 1602–1603 (2006). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Barba, A. México reduce en 6.7% su presupuesto a ciencia. _SciDev Net_ [online], <http://www.scidev.net/es/latin-america-and-caribbean/news/mxico-reduce-en-67-su -presupuesto-a-ciencia.html> (2007) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * United Nations Development Program. _Human Development Report: Making New Technologies Work for Human Development_ (Oxford University Press, New York, 2001). * Juma, C. & Yee-Cheong, L. Reinventing global health: the role of science, technology, and innovation. _Lancet_ 365, 1105–1107 (2005). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Acharya, T., Daar, A. S. & Singer, P. A. Biotechnology and the UN's Millennium Development Goals. _Nature Biotechnol._ 21, 1434–1436 (2003). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * United Nations Development Programme. The Human Development Index — Going Beyond Income. [online], <http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_MEX.html> (2008). * Young, E. & Carrington, D. Cloning pregnancy claim prompts outrage. _New Scientist News Service_ [online], <http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2133> (2002). Google Scholar  * Baker, M. Report casts doubt on Korean experiment. _Science_ 283, 617–619 (1999). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bosch, X. Mexico to Open Genome Center. _Genome Biology Research News_ [online], <http://genomebiology.com/researchnews/default.asp?arx_id=gb-spotlight-20040805 –02> (2004). Google Scholar  * Burke, W., Khoury, M. J., Stewart, A., Zimmern, R. L. & Bellagio Group. The path from genome-based research to population health: development of an international public health genomics network. _Genet. Med._ 8, 451–458 (2006). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge F. Salamanca-Buentello and M. Maliakkal for their comments throughout this work. This project was funded by Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute. The McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health, Program on Life Sciences, Ethics and Policy is primarily supported by Genome Canada through the Ontario Genomics Institute, the Ontario Research Fund, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Other matching partners are listed at the McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health web site. A.S.D. and P.A.S. are supported by the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine. P.A.S. is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Distinguished Investigator award. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Billie-Jo Hardy, Béatrice Séguin, Peter A. Singer and Abdallah S. Daar are at the McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health, Program on Life Sciences, Ethics and Policy, University Health Network and University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, South Tower, Suite 406, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada., Billie-Jo Hardy * Béatrice Séguin is also at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada., Béatrice Séguin * Peter A. Singer and Abdallah S. Daar are also at the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, MaRS Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Suite 701, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada., Peter A. Singer & Abdallah S. Daar Authors * Béatrice Séguin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Billie-Jo Hardy View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Peter A. Singer View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Abdallah S. Daar View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Abdallah S. Daar. RELATED LINKS RELATED LINKS FURTHER INFORMATION McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health INMEGEN comic book web page INMEGEN's Business Incubator National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Séguin, B., Hardy, BJ., Singer, P. _et al._ Genomics, public health and developing countries: the case of the Mexican National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN). _Nat Rev Genet_ 9 (Suppl 1), S5–S9 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2442 Download citation * Issue Date: October 2008 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2442 SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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ABSTRACT In 2004, the government of Mexico established the National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), to carry out disease-related genomic studies that will address national health


problems and stimulate scientific and technological development by generating new commercial products and services in genomic medicine. Towards this end, INMEGEN is carrying out a


large-scale genotyping project to map genomic variation within its own population. The initiative is expected to generate a key resource for local researchers to understand disease


susceptibility and variation in drug responses, which will contribute to Mexico's goal of developing public health genomics — a field in which Mexico is proving to be a leader amongst


emerging economies. Access through your institution Buy or subscribe This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ACCESS OPTIONS Access through your institution


Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access $209.00 per year only $17.42 per issue Learn more Buy this article * Purchase on SpringerLink * Instant access to full


article PDF Buy now Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout ADDITIONAL ACCESS OPTIONS: * Log in * Learn about institutional subscriptions * Read our FAQs *


Contact customer support REFERENCES * Boutayeb, A. The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. _Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg._ 100, 191–199


(2006). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Foro Consultivo Científico y Tecnológico. Propuesta de una ley de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. [online],


<http://www.foroconsultivo.org.mx/documentos/ley_ctei/segundo_borrador_agosto_ 2007.pdf> (2007) (in Spanish). * Séguin, B. & Hardy, B, Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Human


genomic variation initiatives in emerging economies and developing countries. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 9 (Suppl), S3–S4 (2008). Article  Google Scholar  * Séguin, B. & Hardy, B, Singer, P.


A. & Daar, A. S. Genomic medicine and developing countries: creating a room of their own. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 9, 487–493 (2008). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G.


Programa de Trabajo Para Dirigir el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica 2004–2009. _INMEGEN_ [online],


<http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/images/stories/publicaciones/pdf/prog_trab0409.pdf> (2004). Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G. Developing a platform for genomic medicine in


Mexico. _Science_ 300, 295–296 (2003). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Jimenéz-Sánchez, G. & Lara, C. in _Panorama Internacional en Salud y Derecho. Culturas y Sistemas Juridicos


Comparados_ (ed. Brena-Sesma, I.) 391 (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, 2007) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Daar, A. S. & Singer, P. A. Pharmacogenetics


and geographical ancestry: implications for drug development and global health. _Nature Rev. Genet._ 6, 241–246 (2005). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Abecasis, G. et al. Human


Genome Variation 2006: emerging views on structural variation and large-scale SNP analysis. _Nature Genet._ 39, 153–155 (2007). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Redon, R. et al.


Global variation in copy number in the human genome. _Nature_ 444, 444–454 (2006). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Becerril, A. Aprueba el Senado sanciones a quienes trasladen tejido


humano fuera de México. _La Journada_ [online], <http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2008/03/28/index.php?section=sociedad&article= 046n1soc> (2008) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  *


Genomics and Benefits Share. _Parliamentary Gazette_ IX, No 1953 (2006). * Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. How Does Mexico Compare? _OECD Health Data 2008_ [online],


<http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/9/38980018.pdf> (2008). * Instituto Nacional de Estidística y Geografía. Información estadística. [online],


<http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob45&c=32> (2008) (in Spanish). * Lara-Alverez, C. et al. Ethical, legal and social aspects of the


Mexican Genomic Variability Project. _INMEGEN_ [online], <http://www.inmegen.gob.mx/images/stories/publicaciones/memorias/hugo2007/ lara.pdf> (2007). Google Scholar  * Dalton,


R. When two tribes go to war. _Nature_ 430, 500–502 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Dalton, R. Tribe blasts 'exploitation' of blood samples. _Nature_ 420, 111


(2002). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Hakimian, R. & Korn, D. Ownership and use of tissue specimens for research. _JAMA_ 292, 2500–2505 (2004). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google


Scholar  * Schmidt, C. W. Indi-gene-ous conflict. _Environ. Health Perspect._ 109, A216–A219 (2001). Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Frew, S. E., Sammut, S. M., Siu, W. W., Daar, A.


S. & Singer, P. A. The role of the domestic private sector in developing countries for addressing local health needs. _Int. J. Biotech._ 8, 91–102 (2006). Article  Google Scholar  *


Solleiro, J. L. & Briseno, A. Propiedad intelectual II: el caso de la biotecnologia en Mexico. _Interciencia_ 28, No 2, 90–94 (2003) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Hidalgo-Miranda, A.


et al. Proyecto mapa genomico de los Mexicanos. _Ciencia y Desarrollo_ 32, 191 (2006) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * Séguin, B., State, L., Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S. Scientific


diasporas as an option for brain drain: re-circulating knowledge for development. _Int. J. Biotech._ 8, 78 (2006). Article  Google Scholar  * Séguin, B., Singer, P. A. & Daar, A. S.


Science community: scientific diasporas. _Science_ 312, 1602–1603 (2006). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Barba, A. México reduce en 6.7% su presupuesto a ciencia. _SciDev Net_ [online],


<http://www.scidev.net/es/latin-america-and-caribbean/news/mxico-reduce-en-67-su -presupuesto-a-ciencia.html> (2007) (in Spanish). Google Scholar  * United Nations Development


Program. _Human Development Report: Making New Technologies Work for Human Development_ (Oxford University Press, New York, 2001). * Juma, C. & Yee-Cheong, L. Reinventing global health:


the role of science, technology, and innovation. _Lancet_ 365, 1105–1107 (2005). Article  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Acharya, T., Daar, A. S. & Singer, P. A. Biotechnology and the


UN's Millennium Development Goals. _Nature Biotechnol._ 21, 1434–1436 (2003). Article  CAS  Google Scholar  * United Nations Development Programme. The Human Development Index — Going


Beyond Income. [online], <http://hdrstats.undp.org/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_MEX.html> (2008). * Young, E. & Carrington, D. Cloning pregnancy claim prompts


outrage. _New Scientist News Service_ [online], <http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2133> (2002). Google Scholar  * Baker, M. Report casts doubt on Korean experiment.


_Science_ 283, 617–619 (1999). CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bosch, X. Mexico to Open Genome Center. _Genome Biology Research News_ [online],


<http://genomebiology.com/researchnews/default.asp?arx_id=gb-spotlight-20040805 –02> (2004). Google Scholar  * Burke, W., Khoury, M. J., Stewart, A., Zimmern, R. L. &


Bellagio Group. The path from genome-based research to population health: development of an international public health genomics network. _Genet. Med._ 8, 451–458 (2006). Article  PubMed 


Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge F. Salamanca-Buentello and M. Maliakkal for their comments throughout this work. This project was funded by Genome Canada


through the Ontario Genomics Institute. The McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health, Program on Life Sciences, Ethics and Policy is primarily supported by Genome Canada through the


Ontario Genomics Institute, the Ontario Research Fund, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Other matching partners are listed at the McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health web


site. A.S.D. and P.A.S. are supported by the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine. P.A.S. is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Distinguished Investigator award.


AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Billie-Jo Hardy, Béatrice Séguin, Peter A. Singer and Abdallah S. Daar are at the McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health, Program on Life


Sciences, Ethics and Policy, University Health Network and University of Toronto, MaRS Centre, South Tower, Suite 406, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada., Billie-Jo Hardy


* Béatrice Séguin is also at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada., Béatrice Séguin * Peter A. Singer and Abdallah


S. Daar are also at the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, MaRS Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Suite 701, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada., Peter A.


Singer & Abdallah S. Daar Authors * Béatrice Séguin View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Billie-Jo Hardy View author publications You


can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Peter A. Singer View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Abdallah S. Daar View author


publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Abdallah S. Daar. RELATED LINKS RELATED LINKS FURTHER INFORMATION


McLaughlin–Rotman Centre for Global Health INMEGEN comic book web page INMEGEN's Business Incubator National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and


permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Séguin, B., Hardy, BJ., Singer, P. _et al._ Genomics, public health and developing countries: the case of the Mexican National Institute of


Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN). _Nat Rev Genet_ 9 (Suppl 1), S5–S9 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2442 Download citation * Issue Date: October 2008 * DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2442


SHARE THIS ARTICLE Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Copy to


clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative