Three foci at the science-policy interface for systemic sustainable development goal acceleration

Three foci at the science-policy interface for systemic sustainable development goal acceleration

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The integrated and indivisible nature of the SDGs is facing implementation challenges due to the silo approaches. We present the three interconnected foci (SDG interactions, modeling, and tools) at the science-policy interface to address these challenges. Accounting for them will support accelerated SDG progress, operationalizing the integration and indivisibility principles. The 2024 Summit of the Future aimed to accelerate efforts to meet existing international commitments. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the pre-eminent international commitment to be achieved by 2030, comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the underpinning principles of integration, indivisibility, and universality. However, these principles have yet to be prominent in SDG implementation. Since countries are not on track to achieve all SDGs1, accelerating efforts is crucial in the time remaining to 2030 and for informing a post-2030 sustainable development agenda2. The SDGs’ integrated nature challenges the traditional silo implementation approaches. Thus, we present the three interconnected foci (i.e., SDG interactions, modeling, and tools) to support accelerated SDG progress and operationalize integration and indivisibility principles. SDG INTERACTIONS SDG interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationships between SDGs. They can be unidirectional or bidirectional, and their strength in each direction might vary. Actions and policies to pursue one goal can have synergies or trade-offs for achieving the others (Box 1)3. Thus, accounting for SDG interactions and aiming to strengthen synergies and mitigate trade-offs in policymaking is crucial. Doing so can guide toward more systemic, coherent, and effective SDG implementation. Accelerating sustainable development efforts requires shifting focus from achieving specific SDGs in the short term to a more holistic system-wide approach. Current studies identify more synergies than trade-offs among SDGs, which are dynamic and context-specific4. While trade-offs may be fewer, they are important considerations from a policy perspective (Box 1), e.g., based on just transition approaches. SDG interactions are currently well understood at global and national scales but not at subnational scales due to limited data and research. Knowledge of their temporal and spatial dynamics is also restricted. Further, leaving no one behind requires a better understanding of SDG interactions for underrepresented groups. Current SDG interaction studies often rely on anecdotal evidence, statistical analysis, or models. Thus, understanding the mechanisms behind underlying SDG interactions is crucial to identifying levers for accelerating systemic changes and SDG progress. Knowledge of interactions is unevenly distributed across SDGs due to limited data and coherent methodology (Box 1). The consistent SDG data protocols and methods can address this issue5. Another gap is understanding the interaction between SDGs and other intergovernmental frameworks (e.g., the Paris Agreement and the Global Biodiversity Framework). Coupling the 2030 Agenda with other intergovernmental processes can leverage co-benefits and minimize conflicts, accelerating progress toward a more sustainable future. The current scientific insights of SDG interactions are highly policy-relevant and sufficient to inform systemic prioritization of actions to accelerate SDG progress. However, a stronger focus on actionable guidance could strengthen their policy use. There is enough knowledge about changes needed to achieve SDGs but not how, particularly in different political and social contexts. A way forward is to bring together different research communities working on specific subfields and to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches6 for identifying interventions for decision-makers. A deeper integration of various approaches is needed to better represent different dynamics. Providing sound recommendations requires contextualized SDG interaction analyses, accounting for their spatial and temporal characteristics, including opportunities for policy interventions, sound governance, and stakeholders’ actions. Policymakers’ priorities are shaped by the dynamics and urgency of their problems. Thus, policy-oriented SDG interaction assessments can improve the choice and design of policies to respond to these challenges. These assessments’ findings and their practical interpretation and communication can inform policymakers and make them aware of incentives and barriers related to different policies. They can use this knowledge to embed SDG interactions in policies based on adequate interventions. BOX 1 EXAMPLES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) AND GAPS _SDG interactions depend on actions and policies_: Achieving climate action (SDG13) through large-scale land-based mitigation can negatively impact food security (SDG 2), water (SDG 6), or biodiversity (SDGs 14 and 15). However, reducing energy demand and enhancing sustainable agricultural practices can also ensure food security with positive impacts on water, soil, land, and biodiversity. SDG interactions can also be indirect or occur through complex feedback chains. _Importance of addressing SDG trade-offs_: Pursuing a fossil fuel-based development pathway negatively impacts environmental goals, which can accumulate and escalate over time. Instead, a shift towards renewable energy may result in short-term trade-offs, such as missed opportunities for economic growth through resource extraction or the loss of livelihoods of dependent communities. However, this pathway could also unlock investments, green economies, and employment opportunities over the longer term. _Uneven understanding of SDG interactions_: There are considerable knowledge gaps concerning peace, political institutions, diversity, age-structure changes, and gender-related issues, whereas climate and health (e.g., COVID) have been given more attention. This gap also holds for the empirical understanding of SDG interactions at different spatial scales, including transboundary spillover effects. SDG MODELING SDG modeling involves mathematical, statistical, or computational approaches to analyze and project the impact of policies and actions related to SDGs7. For this, scenarios offer plausible future narratives and can present different pathways and outcomes. Scenarios are projected with quantitative models to study the effects of various measures, their timing and regionality, and associated synergies, trade-offs, and enabling conditions. The resultant quantitative pathways highlight that SDGs cannot be achieved by 2030 under business as usual, and additional policies and measures are needed8. The lessons from model-based pathways could support choosing better strategies and policies for accelerating SDG progress. Many models have been developed to support SDG policymaking. These models range from sectoral to integrated assessment models (IAMs)8, covering various methodologies (Box 2). While IAMs historically focused on climate change, they are increasingly investigating other relevant SDG aspects9. Doing so contributes to more holistic policy debates in the climate sphere and synergistic policy interventions10. However, current scenario modeling needs to reflect the complexity of SDGs. Recent modeling studies at global8 and national11 scales have advanced by partially covering all 17 SDGs. Underrepresenting SDGs in models may also lead to biased outcomes (Box 2). Further, most IAMs provide highly aggregated results at a world-region scale, often lacking short-term actionable strategies for policymakers and specific actors at (sub)national scales. Also, normative considerations in scenario modeling fail to represent specific actors’ divergent interests and viewpoints, offering limited actionable insights. Addressing these limitations, the Nature Futures Framework explains how different normative considerations might be systematized12. Moreover, scenario modeling also needs to link quantitative and qualitative methods, combining social science insights on the societal and political dynamics with quantitative modeling of techno-economic ones11. Filling the above-highlighted gaps requires models representing all SDGs and developing a broader range of scenarios. However, doing so will be technically challenging because of difficulties in quantifying some SDGs13 and modeling dilemmas (Box 2). To resolve this, a way forward is a transdisciplinary collaboration with stakeholders and Indigenous communities and codeveloping inter-comparable Sustainable Development Pathways representing all SDGs (Box 2). Such pathways and quantitative results also provide narratives of societal transformation, which social sciences and other disciplines can analyze. Besides, these pathways must clearly explain the effort required to meet SDGs, including investment needs and implications of different financial schemes, emphasizing urgency and solution options. The current scenario modeling provides sufficient (but only partial) knowledge of the actions required to accelerate SDG progress. More efforts are needed to effectively translate and communicate model results to policy-makers in a way that enables them to design effective interventions. Furthermore, co-producing models and scenarios that consider policymakers’ needs would enhance the uptake of their results during policymaking. BOX 2 MODELING METHODOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) AND THEIR LIMITATIONS _SDG modeling methodologies:_ A wide range of methods for modeling SDGs includes (complex adaptive) system dynamics, social simulations (agent-based models), network analysis, and economic input-output and computational general equilibrium models, each model type answering specific questions. _Underrepresented SDGs in models_: Gender equality (SDG 5), Life below water (SDG 14), Peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) are some critical SDGs underrepresented in the current models. Also, qualitative scenarios, governance, and social dimensions are lacking, and crucial factors, e.g., population dynamics and gender considerations, are overlooked, presenting a fragmented view. _Modeling dilemmas_: There is also an inherent decision model practitioners need to make concerning whether (or not) to focus modeling exercises on a limited set (or nexus) of SDGs, which they represent in an integrated manner. Limiting the focus of models would risk missing the bigger picture of synergies and trade-offs across other SDGs. However, focusing on a specific set of SDGs could provide in-depth knowledge and better solution options. Thus, both methods are valuable and provide complementary insights. Depending on the study purpose, covering all SDGs and focusing on a limited set of SDGs are not mutually exclusive if the interlinkages between SDGs, including the study’s boundaries and limitations, are well-communicated. _SDG model intercomparison_: Making different SDG modeling comparable requires adequate community standards (e.g., data sovereignty, data and modeling protocols, structure, definitions, metadata, and informed consent) to facilitate data exchange across models and scales (i.e., global vs. local and top-down vs. bottom-up). Furthermore, next-generation models could combine existing quantitative and qualitative methods to model different sectors to develop a simple but detailed enough model to represent all SDGs. SDG TOOLS SDG tools translate findings from SDG interactions and models into easily accessible information to support more integrated systemic policy-making for achieving SDGs. Different tools have been developed for targeted users, including SDG monitoring, SDG interaction analysis and visualization14, and SDG assessment. Many sectoral tools can also be applied to specific SDGs. An overview of available SDG tools and their purposes would be valuable for users to choose suitable tools for their needs15. Currently, SDG tools are available to track SDG progress, raise educational awareness, inform policymakers on SDG interactions, and promote public communication. A limited set of tools are developed to guide integrated SDG planning and decision-making. Still, their function in providing pathways for SDG achievement needs to be improved. A major challenge for existing SDG tools is timely reflecting state-of-the-art scientific knowledge through periodic updates. Also, SDG tools should interpret the results, including stakeholder-specific actions for making SDG progress. Co-desing and demand-driven tool development can address these gaps. New SDG tools are needed to address areas and target users yet to be covered. A ‘suite’ of tools would be most appropriate to effectively cater to all stakeholders’ needs and purposes and reflect SDGs’ complexity. Understanding how SDG tools are used in practice, codeveloping them with the users, and incorporating citizen science and Indigenous knowledge can help address the abovementioned challenges. In terms of usability and accessibility, a way forward is to enrich the interpretability, reliability, and robustness of the results, ensure transparency and traceability of data, and enhance applicability to context and scale. Further, awareness of available SDG tools needs to be raised among the users. Tools should be actionable, collaborative, simple, inclusive, diverse, user-friendly, and transparent to be policy-relevant. However, all these aspects may not go together, and there needs to be a balance. Thus, a ‘suite’ of tools might be more effective when it consists of tailored tools to specific needs, providing insights into smaller, more manageable chunks of information. LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE Under current trends, many SDGs cannot be achieved by 2030. Therefore, a transformative systemic approach that accounts for SDG’s underpinning principles is needed. Our three interconnected foci operationalize SDG’s integration and indivisibility principles, supporting integrated decision-making. Future research should combine these three foci to enhance scientific methods and understanding and the communication and dissemination of science-based policy. Further, calls for system-based solutions and integrative policy-making and planning should be one key consideration for the post-2030 agenda on sustainable development2, building on the advancements made since 2015. However, decision-making also depends on values, power, institutions, incumbency, and political economy. Thus, accelerating SDGs also requires comprehensive and integrative ways of thinking and more coherent policy frameworks across scales, engaging with new voices and diverse ways of knowing and fostering trust and cooperation. REFERENCES * United Nations. _The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2024_. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2024/ (2024). * Biermann, F. et al. Four governance reforms to strengthen the SDGs. _Science_ 381, 1159–1160 (2023). Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Nilsson, M., Griggs, D. & Visbeck, M. Policy: map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. _Nature_ 534, 320–322 (2016). Article  ADS  PubMed  Google Scholar  * Bennich, T., Persson, Å., Beaussart, R., Allen, C. & Malekpour, S. Recurring patterns of SDG interlinkages and how they can advance the 2030 Agenda. _One Earth_ 6, 1465–1476 (2023). Article  Google Scholar  * Warchold, A., Pradhan, P., Thapa, P., Putra, M. P. I. F. & Kropp, J. P. 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Rajbhandari for contributing to the workshop. V.D., G.A., F.A., and D.v.V. acknowledge the funding from the European Research Council (ERC) for the PICASSO project under the H2020-EU.1.1 Excellent Science Programme under Grant No. 819566. M.C. acknowledges the key project of the sustainable development international cooperation program by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 42361144883. R.W. acknowledges the funding from the European Union’ Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement No. 861932. X.Z. acknowledges the funding from the 2024 Strategic Research Fund of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies under ISC-QA/SRF (SDG-BD). F.C. and Q.X. acknowledge the funding from the National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. 2022YFC3800700. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, publication decisions, or manuscript preparation. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Integrated Research on Energy, Environment, and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Prajal Pradhan, Klaus Hubacek, Utkarsh Ashok Khot, Teun Kluck, Jing Li, Anne Warchold & Jin Yan * Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany Prajal Pradhan, Gabriel M. Abrahão, Chaohui Li, Hermann Lotze-Campen & Bjoern Soergel * Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Nina Weitz, Therese Bennich & Henrik Carlsen * Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Vassilis Daioglou, Geanderson Ambrósio, Frederike Arp, Frank Biermann, Shridhar Kulkarni, Detlef van Vuuren & Eartha Weber * PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands Vassilis Daioglou & Detlef van Vuuren * Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Cameron Allen * Centre for Blue Governance, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Furqan Asif * Chatham House, London, UK Tim G. Benton * Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Min Cao, Min Chen & Zifeng Yuan * International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China Fang Chen & Qiang Xing * Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Fang Chen & Qiang Xing * University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Fang Chen & Chaoyang Wu * Department of Economic Geography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Michiel N. Daams & Frans J. Sijtsma * Rudolf Agricola School for Sustainable Development, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Michiel N. Daams & Frans J. Sijtsma * Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK Jonathan H. P. Dawes * Department of Energy and Climate Change, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand Shobhakar Dhakal * Carleton University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada Elisabeth Gilmore * Group of Energy, Economy, and Systems Dynamics. Department of System Engineering and Automation, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain Luis J. Miguel & Gonzalo Parrado-Hernando * School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China Yuanchao Hu * Groningen Center for Social Complexity Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Wander Jager * International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria Samir KC & Caroline Zimm * Population and Stastistics Research Hub, Lalitpur, Nepal Samir KC * Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Norman M. Kearney * German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), Bonn, Germany Julia Leininger & Christopher Wingens * Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Sustainability Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Chaohui Li * Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Agricultural Economics, Berlin, Germany Hermann Lotze-Campen * Millennium Institute, Washington, DC, USA Matteo Pedercini & Nathalie Spittler * National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal Ram Kumar Phuyal * Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL, The Netherlands Christina Prell * Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Arpan Rijal * Department of Knowledge Integration, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Vanessa Schweizer * BOKU University, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria Nathalie Spittler * Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Birka Wicke * Faculty of Science, IVM, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Oscar Widerberg * Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Rienne Wilts * The Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Chaoyang Wu * Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan Xin Zhou Authors * Prajal Pradhan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Nina Weitz View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Vassilis Daioglou View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Gabriel M. Abrahão View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Cameron Allen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Geanderson Ambrósio View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Frederike Arp View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Furqan Asif View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Therese Bennich View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Tim G. Benton View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Frank Biermann View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Min Cao View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Henrik Carlsen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Fang Chen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Min Chen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Michiel N. Daams View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jonathan H. P. Dawes View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Shobhakar Dhakal View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Elisabeth Gilmore View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Luis J. Miguel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Klaus Hubacek View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Yuanchao Hu View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Wander Jager View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Samir KC View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Norman M. Kearney View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Utkarsh Ashok Khot View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Teun Kluck View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Shridhar Kulkarni View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Julia Leininger View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Chaohui Li View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jing Li View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Hermann Lotze-Campen View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Gonzalo Parrado-Hernando View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Matteo Pedercini View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Ram Kumar Phuyal View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Christina Prell View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Arpan Rijal View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Vanessa Schweizer View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Frans J. Sijtsma View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Bjoern Soergel View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Nathalie Spittler View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Detlef van Vuuren View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Anne Warchold View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Eartha Weber View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Birka Wicke View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Oscar Widerberg View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Rienne Wilts View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Christopher Wingens View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Chaoyang Wu View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Qiang Xing View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Jin Yan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Zifeng Yuan View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Xin Zhou View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Caroline Zimm View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS P.P., N.W., V.D., F.J.S, and K.H. conceived the study. P.P., N.W., V.D., T.B., H.C., and A. W. developed the workshop methodology. P.P. wrote the main commentary based on the inputs during the SDG workshop at the University of Groningen. P.P., N.W., V.D., G.M.A., C.A., G.A., F.A., F.A., T.B., T.G.B., F.B., M.C., H.C., F.C., M.C., M.N.D., J.H.P.D., S.D., E.G., L.J.M., K.H., Y.H., W.J., S.K., N.M.K., U.A.K., T.K., S.K., J.L., C.L., J.L., H.L.-C., G.P.-H., M.P., R.K.P., C.P., A.R., V.S., F.J.S., B.S., N.S., D.V., A.W., E.W., B.W., O.W., R.W., C.W., C.W., Q.X., J.Y., Z.Y., X.Z., and C.Z. edited and reviewed the commentary. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Prajal Pradhan. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PUBLISHER’S NOTE Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 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The integrated and indivisible nature of the SDGs is facing implementation challenges due to the silo approaches. We present the three interconnected foci (SDG interactions, modeling, and


tools) at the science-policy interface to address these challenges. Accounting for them will support accelerated SDG progress, operationalizing the integration and indivisibility principles.


The 2024 Summit of the Future aimed to accelerate efforts to meet existing international commitments. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is the pre-eminent international commitment


to be achieved by 2030, comprising 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the underpinning principles of integration, indivisibility, and universality. However, these principles have


yet to be prominent in SDG implementation. Since countries are not on track to achieve all SDGs1, accelerating efforts is crucial in the time remaining to 2030 and for informing a post-2030


sustainable development agenda2. The SDGs’ integrated nature challenges the traditional silo implementation approaches. Thus, we present the three interconnected foci (i.e., SDG


interactions, modeling, and tools) to support accelerated SDG progress and operationalize integration and indivisibility principles. SDG INTERACTIONS SDG interactions refer to the complex


and dynamic relationships between SDGs. They can be unidirectional or bidirectional, and their strength in each direction might vary. Actions and policies to pursue one goal can have


synergies or trade-offs for achieving the others (Box 1)3. Thus, accounting for SDG interactions and aiming to strengthen synergies and mitigate trade-offs in policymaking is crucial. Doing


so can guide toward more systemic, coherent, and effective SDG implementation. Accelerating sustainable development efforts requires shifting focus from achieving specific SDGs in the short


term to a more holistic system-wide approach. Current studies identify more synergies than trade-offs among SDGs, which are dynamic and context-specific4. While trade-offs may be fewer, they


are important considerations from a policy perspective (Box 1), e.g., based on just transition approaches. SDG interactions are currently well understood at global and national scales but


not at subnational scales due to limited data and research. Knowledge of their temporal and spatial dynamics is also restricted. Further, leaving no one behind requires a better


understanding of SDG interactions for underrepresented groups. Current SDG interaction studies often rely on anecdotal evidence, statistical analysis, or models. Thus, understanding the


mechanisms behind underlying SDG interactions is crucial to identifying levers for accelerating systemic changes and SDG progress. Knowledge of interactions is unevenly distributed across


SDGs due to limited data and coherent methodology (Box 1). The consistent SDG data protocols and methods can address this issue5. Another gap is understanding the interaction between SDGs


and other intergovernmental frameworks (e.g., the Paris Agreement and the Global Biodiversity Framework). Coupling the 2030 Agenda with other intergovernmental processes can leverage


co-benefits and minimize conflicts, accelerating progress toward a more sustainable future. The current scientific insights of SDG interactions are highly policy-relevant and sufficient to


inform systemic prioritization of actions to accelerate SDG progress. However, a stronger focus on actionable guidance could strengthen their policy use. There is enough knowledge about


changes needed to achieve SDGs but not how, particularly in different political and social contexts. A way forward is to bring together different research communities working on specific


subfields and to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches6 for identifying interventions for decision-makers. A deeper integration of various approaches is needed to better represent


different dynamics. Providing sound recommendations requires contextualized SDG interaction analyses, accounting for their spatial and temporal characteristics, including opportunities for


policy interventions, sound governance, and stakeholders’ actions. Policymakers’ priorities are shaped by the dynamics and urgency of their problems. Thus, policy-oriented SDG interaction


assessments can improve the choice and design of policies to respond to these challenges. These assessments’ findings and their practical interpretation and communication can inform


policymakers and make them aware of incentives and barriers related to different policies. They can use this knowledge to embed SDG interactions in policies based on adequate interventions.


BOX 1 EXAMPLES OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) AND GAPS _SDG interactions depend on actions and policies_: Achieving climate action (SDG13) through large-scale


land-based mitigation can negatively impact food security (SDG 2), water (SDG 6), or biodiversity (SDGs 14 and 15). However, reducing energy demand and enhancing sustainable agricultural


practices can also ensure food security with positive impacts on water, soil, land, and biodiversity. SDG interactions can also be indirect or occur through complex feedback chains.


_Importance of addressing SDG trade-offs_: Pursuing a fossil fuel-based development pathway negatively impacts environmental goals, which can accumulate and escalate over time. Instead, a


shift towards renewable energy may result in short-term trade-offs, such as missed opportunities for economic growth through resource extraction or the loss of livelihoods of dependent


communities. However, this pathway could also unlock investments, green economies, and employment opportunities over the longer term. _Uneven understanding of SDG interactions_: There are


considerable knowledge gaps concerning peace, political institutions, diversity, age-structure changes, and gender-related issues, whereas climate and health (e.g., COVID) have been given


more attention. This gap also holds for the empirical understanding of SDG interactions at different spatial scales, including transboundary spillover effects. SDG MODELING SDG modeling


involves mathematical, statistical, or computational approaches to analyze and project the impact of policies and actions related to SDGs7. For this, scenarios offer plausible future


narratives and can present different pathways and outcomes. Scenarios are projected with quantitative models to study the effects of various measures, their timing and regionality, and


associated synergies, trade-offs, and enabling conditions. The resultant quantitative pathways highlight that SDGs cannot be achieved by 2030 under business as usual, and additional policies


and measures are needed8. The lessons from model-based pathways could support choosing better strategies and policies for accelerating SDG progress. Many models have been developed to


support SDG policymaking. These models range from sectoral to integrated assessment models (IAMs)8, covering various methodologies (Box 2). While IAMs historically focused on climate change,


they are increasingly investigating other relevant SDG aspects9. Doing so contributes to more holistic policy debates in the climate sphere and synergistic policy interventions10. However,


current scenario modeling needs to reflect the complexity of SDGs. Recent modeling studies at global8 and national11 scales have advanced by partially covering all 17 SDGs. Underrepresenting


SDGs in models may also lead to biased outcomes (Box 2). Further, most IAMs provide highly aggregated results at a world-region scale, often lacking short-term actionable strategies for


policymakers and specific actors at (sub)national scales. Also, normative considerations in scenario modeling fail to represent specific actors’ divergent interests and viewpoints, offering


limited actionable insights. Addressing these limitations, the Nature Futures Framework explains how different normative considerations might be systematized12. Moreover, scenario modeling


also needs to link quantitative and qualitative methods, combining social science insights on the societal and political dynamics with quantitative modeling of techno-economic ones11.


Filling the above-highlighted gaps requires models representing all SDGs and developing a broader range of scenarios. However, doing so will be technically challenging because of


difficulties in quantifying some SDGs13 and modeling dilemmas (Box 2). To resolve this, a way forward is a transdisciplinary collaboration with stakeholders and Indigenous communities and


codeveloping inter-comparable Sustainable Development Pathways representing all SDGs (Box 2). Such pathways and quantitative results also provide narratives of societal transformation, which


social sciences and other disciplines can analyze. Besides, these pathways must clearly explain the effort required to meet SDGs, including investment needs and implications of different


financial schemes, emphasizing urgency and solution options. The current scenario modeling provides sufficient (but only partial) knowledge of the actions required to accelerate SDG


progress. More efforts are needed to effectively translate and communicate model results to policy-makers in a way that enables them to design effective interventions. Furthermore,


co-producing models and scenarios that consider policymakers’ needs would enhance the uptake of their results during policymaking. BOX 2 MODELING METHODOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT


GOALS (SDGS) AND THEIR LIMITATIONS _SDG modeling methodologies:_ A wide range of methods for modeling SDGs includes (complex adaptive) system dynamics, social simulations (agent-based


models), network analysis, and economic input-output and computational general equilibrium models, each model type answering specific questions. _Underrepresented SDGs in models_: Gender


equality (SDG 5), Life below water (SDG 14), Peace, justice and strong institutions (SDG 16), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) are some critical SDGs underrepresented in the current


models. Also, qualitative scenarios, governance, and social dimensions are lacking, and crucial factors, e.g., population dynamics and gender considerations, are overlooked, presenting a


fragmented view. _Modeling dilemmas_: There is also an inherent decision model practitioners need to make concerning whether (or not) to focus modeling exercises on a limited set (or nexus)


of SDGs, which they represent in an integrated manner. Limiting the focus of models would risk missing the bigger picture of synergies and trade-offs across other SDGs. However, focusing on


a specific set of SDGs could provide in-depth knowledge and better solution options. Thus, both methods are valuable and provide complementary insights. Depending on the study purpose,


covering all SDGs and focusing on a limited set of SDGs are not mutually exclusive if the interlinkages between SDGs, including the study’s boundaries and limitations, are well-communicated.


_SDG model intercomparison_: Making different SDG modeling comparable requires adequate community standards (e.g., data sovereignty, data and modeling protocols, structure, definitions,


metadata, and informed consent) to facilitate data exchange across models and scales (i.e., global vs. local and top-down vs. bottom-up). Furthermore, next-generation models could combine


existing quantitative and qualitative methods to model different sectors to develop a simple but detailed enough model to represent all SDGs. SDG TOOLS SDG tools translate findings from SDG


interactions and models into easily accessible information to support more integrated systemic policy-making for achieving SDGs. Different tools have been developed for targeted users,


including SDG monitoring, SDG interaction analysis and visualization14, and SDG assessment. Many sectoral tools can also be applied to specific SDGs. An overview of available SDG tools and


their purposes would be valuable for users to choose suitable tools for their needs15. Currently, SDG tools are available to track SDG progress, raise educational awareness, inform


policymakers on SDG interactions, and promote public communication. A limited set of tools are developed to guide integrated SDG planning and decision-making. Still, their function in


providing pathways for SDG achievement needs to be improved. A major challenge for existing SDG tools is timely reflecting state-of-the-art scientific knowledge through periodic updates.


Also, SDG tools should interpret the results, including stakeholder-specific actions for making SDG progress. Co-desing and demand-driven tool development can address these gaps. New SDG


tools are needed to address areas and target users yet to be covered. A ‘suite’ of tools would be most appropriate to effectively cater to all stakeholders’ needs and purposes and reflect


SDGs’ complexity. Understanding how SDG tools are used in practice, codeveloping them with the users, and incorporating citizen science and Indigenous knowledge can help address the


abovementioned challenges. In terms of usability and accessibility, a way forward is to enrich the interpretability, reliability, and robustness of the results, ensure transparency and


traceability of data, and enhance applicability to context and scale. Further, awareness of available SDG tools needs to be raised among the users. Tools should be actionable, collaborative,


simple, inclusive, diverse, user-friendly, and transparent to be policy-relevant. However, all these aspects may not go together, and there needs to be a balance. Thus, a ‘suite’ of tools


might be more effective when it consists of tailored tools to specific needs, providing insights into smaller, more manageable chunks of information. LOOKING TOWARDS THE FUTURE Under current


trends, many SDGs cannot be achieved by 2030. Therefore, a transformative systemic approach that accounts for SDG’s underpinning principles is needed. Our three interconnected foci


operationalize SDG’s integration and indivisibility principles, supporting integrated decision-making. Future research should combine these three foci to enhance scientific methods and


understanding and the communication and dissemination of science-based policy. Further, calls for system-based solutions and integrative policy-making and planning should be one key


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incumbency, and political economy. Thus, accelerating SDGs also requires comprehensive and integrative ways of thinking and more coherent policy frameworks across scales, engaging with new


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131–138 (2021). Article  Google Scholar  Download references ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We developed this comment based on the workshop funded by the European Research Council (ERC) for the BeyondSDG


project (Project number 101077492) and the Rudolf Agricola School for Sustainable Development. We thank A. Geis, A. Jegorenkova, A. Goossens, A. Bonini, A. Bakker, L. Talapessy, L. Tucker,


S. Pellegrom, and S. Rajbhandari for contributing to the workshop. V.D., G.A., F.A., and D.v.V. acknowledge the funding from the European Research Council (ERC) for the PICASSO project under


the H2020-EU.1.1 Excellent Science Programme under Grant No. 819566. M.C. acknowledges the key project of the sustainable development international cooperation program by the National


Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant No. 42361144883. R.W. acknowledges the funding from the European Union’ Horizon 2020 under Grant Agreement No. 861932. X.Z.


acknowledges the funding from the 2024 Strategic Research Fund of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies under ISC-QA/SRF (SDG-BD). F.C. and Q.X. acknowledge the funding from the


National Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology under Grant No. 2022YFC3800700. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, publication


decisions, or manuscript preparation. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Integrated Research on Energy, Environment, and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research


Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Prajal Pradhan, Klaus Hubacek, Utkarsh Ashok Khot, Teun Kluck, Jing Li, Anne Warchold & Jin Yan * Potsdam


Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany Prajal Pradhan, Gabriel M. Abrahão, Chaohui Li, Hermann Lotze-Campen & Bjoern Soergel *


Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Nina Weitz, Therese Bennich & Henrik Carlsen * Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The


Netherlands Vassilis Daioglou, Geanderson Ambrósio, Frederike Arp, Frank Biermann, Shridhar Kulkarni, Detlef van Vuuren & Eartha Weber * PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency,


The Hague, The Netherlands Vassilis Daioglou & Detlef van Vuuren * Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia Cameron Allen * Centre for Blue


Governance, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Furqan Asif * Chatham House, London, UK Tim G. Benton * Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC),


Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China Min Cao, Min Chen & Zifeng Yuan * International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China Fang Chen & 


Qiang Xing * Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Fang Chen & Qiang Xing * University of Chinese


Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Fang Chen & Chaoyang Wu * Department of Economic Geography, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Michiel


N. Daams & Frans J. Sijtsma * Rudolf Agricola School for Sustainable Development, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Michiel N. Daams & Frans J. Sijtsma * Department


of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK Jonathan H. P. Dawes * Department of Energy and Climate Change, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand Shobhakar Dhakal


* Carleton University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ottawa, ON, Canada Elisabeth Gilmore * Group of Energy, Economy, and Systems Dynamics. Department of System Engineering and


Automation, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain Luis J. Miguel & Gonzalo Parrado-Hernando * School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan


University, Wuhan, China Yuanchao Hu * Groningen Center for Social Complexity Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Wander Jager * International Institute for Applied


Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria Samir KC & Caroline Zimm * Population and Stastistics Research Hub, Lalitpur, Nepal Samir KC * Centre for Development and Environment,


University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Norman M. Kearney * German Institute of Development and Sustainability (IDOS), Bonn, Germany Julia Leininger & Christopher Wingens * Laboratory of


Systems Ecology and Sustainability Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China Chaohui Li * Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Agricultural Economics,


Berlin, Germany Hermann Lotze-Campen * Millennium Institute, Washington, DC, USA Matteo Pedercini & Nathalie Spittler * National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu,


Nepal Ram Kumar Phuyal * Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, NL, The Netherlands Christina Prell * Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics and Business,


University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Arpan Rijal * Department of Knowledge Integration, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Vanessa Schweizer * BOKU University,


University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria Nathalie Spittler * Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences,


Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Birka Wicke * Faculty of Science, IVM, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Oscar Widerberg * Institute for Food and


Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Rienne Wilts * The Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources


Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Chaoyang Wu * Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan Xin Zhou Authors * Prajal Pradhan View author


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author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS P.P., N.W., V.D., F.J.S, and K.H. conceived the study. P.P., N.W., V.D., T.B., H.C., and A. W. developed the workshop methodology. P.P. wrote the


main commentary based on the inputs during the SDG workshop at the University of Groningen. P.P., N.W., V.D., G.M.A., C.A., G.A., F.A., F.A., T.B., T.G.B., F.B., M.C., H.C., F.C., M.C.,


M.N.D., J.H.P.D., S.D., E.G., L.J.M., K.H., Y.H., W.J., S.K., N.M.K., U.A.K., T.K., S.K., J.L., C.L., J.L., H.L.-C., G.P.-H., M.P., R.K.P., C.P., A.R., V.S., F.J.S., B.S., N.S., D.V., A.W.,


E.W., B.W., O.W., R.W., C.W., C.W., Q.X., J.Y., Z.Y., X.Z., and C.Z. edited and reviewed the commentary. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Prajal Pradhan. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING


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ARTICLE Pradhan, P., Weitz, N., Daioglou, V. _et al._ Three foci at the science-policy interface for systemic Sustainable Development Goal acceleration. _Nat Commun_ 15, 8600 (2024).


https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52926-x Download citation * Received: 07 July 2024 * Accepted: 12 September 2024 * Published: 10 October 2024 * DOI:


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