ABSTRACT Cognitive disorders are increasingly recognized in Parkinson disease (PD), even in early disease stages, and memory is one of the most affected cognitive domains. Classically,

hippocampal cholinergic system dysfunction was associated with memory disorders, whereas nigrostriatal dopaminergic system impairment was considered responsible for executive deficits.

Evidence from PD studies now supports involvement of the amygdala, which modulates emotional attribution to experiences. Here, we propose a tripartite model including the hippocampus,

striatum and amygdala as key structures for cognitive disorders in PD. First, the anatomo-functional relationships of these structures are explored and experimental evidence supporting their

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Contact customer support SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS PARKINSON DISEASE PSYCHOSIS: FROM PHENOMENOLOGY TO NEUROBIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS Article 15 January 2024 SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS

UNDERLYING ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF MEMORY DEFICITS CAUSED BY HIPPOCAMPAL AND MIDBRAIN SYNUCLEINOPATHY Article Open access 16 June 2023 FAST-SPIKING PARVALBUMIN-POSITIVE INTERNEURONS: NEW

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template-based and MRI based image analysis. _Sci. Rep._ 8, 16027 (2018). PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar  Download references AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * Neurology

Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy Salvatore Citro, Angelo Tiziano Cimmino, Guido Maria Giuffrè, Camillo Marra & Paolo Calabresi *

Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy Giulia Di Lazzaro, Guido Maria Giuffrè, Camillo Marra & Paolo Calabresi Authors * Salvatore Citro

View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Giulia Di Lazzaro View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

* Angelo Tiziano Cimmino View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Guido Maria Giuffrè View author publications You can also search for this

author inPubMed Google Scholar * Camillo Marra View author publications You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar * Paolo Calabresi View author publications You can also

search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar CONTRIBUTIONS P.C.: manuscript conception. S.C.: literature search and first draft. A.T.C. and G.D.L.: figure preparation. P.C., G.D.L., G.M.G.

and C.M.: revision of the manuscript, critical discussion, and proofreading of the final version. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Correspondence to Paolo Calabresi. ETHICS DECLARATIONS COMPETING

INTERESTS P.C. received/receives research support, speaker honoraria, and support to attend national and international conferences (not related to the present study) from Abbvie, Bayer

Schering, Bial, Biogen-Dompè, Biogen-Idec, Eisai, Lilly, Lundbeck, Lusofarmaco, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, UCB Pharma and Zambon. The other authors reported no funding

from any institution, including personal relationships, interests, grants, employment, affiliations, patents, inventions, honoraria, consultancies, royalties, stock options/ownership, or

expert testimony for the last 12 months, biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest. PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW INFORMATION _Nature Reviews Neurology_ thanks Yoland Smith

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terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Citro, S., Lazzaro, G.D., Cimmino, A.T. _et al._ A multiple hits

hypothesis for memory dysfunction in Parkinson disease. _Nat Rev Neurol_ 20, 50–61 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-023-00905-z Download citation * Accepted: 09 November 2023 *

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