ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a degenerative central nervous system disorder characterized by progressive spasticity and hyperreflexia of the lower limbs.

Often, patients with HSP experience symptoms of voiding dysfunction. Urodynamic evaluations of these patients are rarely reported in the literature and the etiology of voiding dysfunction

remains unclear. The present study characterizes lower urinary tract dysfunction in a large series of patients. METHODS: The medical records of 29 HSP patients who underwent urodynamic

evaluation were retrospectively analyzed. The history of lower urinary tract symptoms was noted and the urodynamic findings analyzed. RESULTS: Urgency was the most dominant complaint

(41.4%). There were significant relationships between detrusor overactivity and PVR (_P_=0.005), frequency (_P_=0.046) and nocturia (_P_=0.045). Ultrasound examination revealed no upper

urinary tract complications. CONCLUSION: Despite the presence of DO and DSD, HSP patients do not seem to have a high risk of developing ultrasonographically-assessed upper urinary tract

complications after a mean follow-up of 22 years, contrary to spinal cord injury population. These results may guide practitioners in their decision-making about the appropriate evaluation

and treatment of bladder disturbances that accompany hereditary spastic paraplegia. SIMILAR CONTENT BEING VIEWED BY OTHERS DETRUSOR SPHINCTER DYSSYNERGIA: CAN A MORE SPECIFIC DEFINITION

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT AN UNDERLYING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER? Article Open access 07 May 2021 DURATION OF DETRUSOR OVERACTIVITY AS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTIVE FACTOR OF

UPPER URINARY TRACT DETERIORATION IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC SPINAL CORD INJURY: RESULTS OF A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY Article 04 April 2024 RISK FACTORS OF VIDEO URODYNAMICS AND BLADDER

MANAGEMENT FOR LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC SPINAL CORD INJURY Article Open access 02 June 2024 INTRODUCTION Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a heterogeneous group

of neurodegenerative disorders clinically characterized by progressive weakness, spasticity and hyperreflexia of the lower limbs and pathologically characterized by retrograde axonal

degeneration of the corticospinal tracts and posterior columns.1, 2, 3 Pure HSP is limited to the lower limbs, whereas complex HSP includes other neurologic or systemic impairments that are

not attributed to coexisting disorders (cataracts, cognitive disorders, distal amyotrophy, and so on).4, 5 The genetics of HSP is complex and several modes of inheritance have been described

(autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive).2, 5 HSP is a rare condition; its prevalence in Europe ranges from 3 to 10 per 100 000 persons.6, 7 However, its onset might

occur at any time during childhood or adult life up to 70 years of age, which makes it a significant source of chronic neuro-disability.1 Neurogenic lower urinary tract impairments are well

recognized in patients with HSP. Indeed, the prevalence of low urinary tract symptoms in HSP population was reported at 77.6% in a recent Estonian study.3 However, in this population, the

urodynamics has been rarely studied or reported. To better characterize patients’ bladder and micturition function, the present retrospective study examined the urodynamics in a series of

HSP patients, together with demographic data and lower urinary tract symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS PATIENTS’ CHARACTERISTICS The study analyzed retrospectively the medical records of HSP

patients admitted to the neurological rehabilitation unit of a tertiary care institute, from January 1999 to December 2009, and who had undergone a urodynamic investigation (UDI). Patients

with any other documented neurological or urological disorder were excluded from the study. These patients were 16 men and 13 women whose ages ranged from 22 to 85 years (mean: 48.6±14.4)

and all of them had pure HSP. Age, sex, date of disease onset and UDI findings were specifically sought for. Urinary symptoms were collected using a standard form filled before the UDI. The

symptoms checked for were urgency (sensation of an imminent desire to urinate), frequency (voiding more than eight times per day), nocturia (voiding more than once per night), hesitancy

(difficulty to initiate voluntary voiding) and incontinence (involuntary loss of urine). A history of urinary tract infection was also noted. All the patients voided spontaneously and none

of them had any specific urological management before the UDI. THE URODYNAMIC STUDY The UDI included a free uroflowmetry, a measurement of post-void residual (PVR), a filling and voiding

cystometry, and a pressure profilometry using a multi-channel pressure recording technology. Whenever possible, the UDI started with the free uroflowmetry, then a 12-French-gauge (12 Fr)

urethral catheter was inserted to empty the bladder and measure the PVR volume at the same time. In filling cystometry, the 6-Fr dual-lumen urethral catheter was used for simultaneous

bladder infusion and intravesical pressure measurement. Another 4.5-Fr perforated rectal balloon catheter was inserted for abdominal pressure measurement. The bladder was infused with normal

saline (0.9%) at a medium filling rate (20–50 ml min−1) until the infusion reached the maximum cystometric capacity, then the patient was asked to void. Electromyography was recorded

through needle electrodes inserted into the urethral sphincter. Clinically relevant incomplete emptying was defined as a PVR >10% of the voided volume as measured immediately after

voiding. During pressure profilometry, sphincter hypertonia was defined as maximal urethral closure pressure >75 cm H2O in women and 90 cm H2O in men. During cystometry, four indicators

were considered: (i) detrusor activity, calculated as the difference between naive bladder pressure and abdominal pressure and classified as ‘normal activity’ or ‘detrusor overactivity (DO)’

(involuntary detrusor contractions during the filling phase); (ii) detrusor capacity, defined as the volume at which the patient reported feeling uncomfortable or full and classified as

‘normal capacity’ or ‘reduced capacity’ (maximum bladder volume ⩽300 ml); (iii) detrusor compliance, defined as the volume of bladder capacity divided by the corresponding change in detrusor

pressure, before any detrusor contractions, and classified as ‘normal compliance’ or ‘reduced compliance’ (<30 ml cm−1); (iv) detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD, defined as an increase

in electromyographic activity during voiding and recorded as ‘present’ or ‘absent’). In each patient, only the first UDI before any urinary specific medication or intervention was considered

and, concomitantly to UDI, urinary tract ultrasounds were also examined. STATISTICAL ANALYSES All urinary symptoms (urgency, frequency, nocturia, hesitancy and incontinence) and urodynamic

findings (detrusor overactivity, reduced detrusor capacity, reduced detrusor compliance, hypertonic sphincter, DSD and PVR) were considered in terms of presence or absence. Descriptive

statistics including size and frequencies for categorical variables, and means and s.d. for continuous variables were determined. The distributions of sex, age and disease duration were

compared for each urinary symptom. The possibility of any association between the presence of a PVR and each of the other urodynamic findings was examined. Considering the sample size,

non-parametric tests were used to assess associations; that is, Fisher exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon test for continuous variables. Epi-info software was used for all

statistical analyses. A _P_ value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. ETHICS The study was carried out in agreement with French laws and the Helsinki declaration on

protecting human subjects. The local ethics committee waived the need for ethical approval because the study design did not involve changes of the usual course of patient management. RESULTS

LOW URINARY TRACT SYMPTOM Table 1 presents the distributions of the patients according to the different urinary symptom groups. All patients had at least one micturition complaint. Urgency

and frequency were the most common urinary symptoms and were present in 21 patients (72.4%) and 19 patients (65.5%), respectively. Nocturia and hesitancy were reported by 15 patients (51.7%)

and urinary incontinence by 16 patients (55.2%). The mean disease duration was of 22.23±11.61 years. Women had a higher risk of increased voiding frequency than men (_P_=0.028). They also

had a higher risk of increased incontinence (_P_=0.039). Otherwise, neither age, nor sex or disease duration was a significant risk factor for any low urinary tract symptoms in HSP patients

(Table 1). Thirteen patients (44.8%) had a history of symptomatic urinary tract infection but there were no significant associations between past infection and age, sex, or disease duration.

URODYNAMIC INVESTIGATION UDI results were unremarkable only in two women whose symptoms consisted of hesitancy and frequency. The UDI showed isolated sphincter hypertonia in three men. In

the remaining 24 patients, three major urodynamic profiles could be identified: obstructive bladder with DSD generally accompanied by sphincter hypertonia (37%), overactive bladder with DO

(21%) and an association of the two (42%). The main urodynamic findings in the patient series are summarized in Table 2. DSD, sphincter hypertonia and DO were the most common micturition

abnormalities. They were found in 65.5%, 58.6% and 51.7% of the patients, respectively. Sphincter hypertonia was significantly associated with the disease duration (_P_=0.043), but there

were no other significant relationships between disease duration and other urodynamic findings or between urodynamic findings and age or sex. Table 3 shows a comparison of urodynamic

findings in the presence and absence of significant PVR. DO and reduced detrusor compliance were significantly associated with the presence of PVR. A reduced detrusor capacity was more

frequent among patients with PVR than among the others, although this association did not reach statistical significance (_P_=0.074). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS AND URODYNAMIC

FINDINGS As shown in Table 4, frequency and nocturia were significantly associated with DO, reduced detrusor capacity and reduced compliance. On the other hand, with borderline statistical

significance, sphincter hypertonia was less frequent among patients complaining from frequency than among the others (_P_=0.053). Otherwise, hesitancy, urgency and incontinence had no

significant relationships with either urodynamic finding. The urinary tract ultrasound examinations performed within 30 days with regard to UDI were unremarkable in 24 patients (82.7%). They

revealed discrete prostate hypertrophy in three men; all of them reported dysuria but only one had sphincter hypertonia as revealed by urethral profilometry. There were signs of bladder

outlet obstruction with thickening of the bladder wall and normal prostate size in one man having 49 years of disease duration. Bladder stones were found in one woman having 14 years of

disease duration. DISCUSSION Although neurogenic bladder dysfunction is a well-recognized and frequent problem in patients with HSP,8, 9, 10, 11 only few studies have attempted to document

such specific disturbances and evaluate their occurrence, type and severity. The paucity of urodynamic data in HSP patients is most probably due to the relative rarity of this

neurodegenerative disorder. In 1993, Bushman _et al._12 reported UDI findings in only three HSP patients and showed different combinations of abnormalities such as DO along with low detrusor

compliance or low detrusor capacity with or without DSD.12 However, a recent cross-sectional study carried out in 49 HSP patients by Braschinsky _et al._3 allows more confident comparisons

with the present series of 29 patients, one of the largest studies with complete urodynamic data. In the HSP population studied here, incontinence and hesitancy were the less common

complaints, whereas Braschinsky _et al._3 have put them on the top list of patient complaints (69.4% and 59.2%, respectively). This disagreement suggests that, in HSP patients, all potential

urinary symptoms should be thoroughly assessed. However, the increased voiding frequency and incontinence in women versus men is in line with Braschinsky's team findings. This

difference in voiding frequency is probably related to the larger bladder capacities in men;13 indeed, a reduced bladder capacity was significantly associated with an increased voiding

frequency. Besides, an intrinsic sphincter weakness in men may be masked by the obstructive anatomy of the urethra. It is commonly agreed that incomplete bladder emptying is a significant

risk factor for symptomatic urinary tract infections and upper urinary tract complications. This was well established in central nervous system disorders like multiple sclerosis or spinal

cord injuries.14 PVR was important in 12 subjects (41.4%) and was significantly associated with DO. Whereas Bradinsky _et al._ could associate PVR values over 100 ml with an increased risk

of symptomatic lower urinary tract infection in HSP patients, we did not find such an association with lower but relatively important PVR values (over 10% of the voided volume). In HSP

patients, a PVR >100 ml seems to correlate negatively with the walking speed and positively with the degree of leg spasticity.3 In the present study, all the patients had spasticity of

both lower limbs. However, because spasticity assessment was not concomitant to urodynamic evaluation, correlations could be inaccurate. In the present study population, the high prevalence

of DSD, a neurogenically-determined failure of coordination of detrusor and urethra, is worrisome because it entails adverse clinical consequences. The failure of the urethral sphincter to

relax when the detrusor contracts causes a functional urethral obstruction, which may not only hinder bladder emptying but may also develop a high detrusor intravesicular pressure that

endangers the upper urinary tract.15 DSD is caused by the interruption of autonomic spinal pathways connecting the pontine and sacral micturition centers.16, 17 These reticular spinal tracts

are close to the pyramidal tracts in the lateral columns of the spinal cord but are not yet known to be affected by the degenerative changes in HSP patients. Indeed, neuropathological

studies of patients with pure HSP have documented axonal degeneration of selected motor (corticospinal tracts) and sensory (dorsal column) fibers within the spinal cord.18, 19 As

hypothesized by Bushmann _et al._,12 this apparent lack of supporting histopathological evidence could mean a selective loss of neurotransmitter expression or release, or that a small

subgroup of neurons involved in micturition and urine storage might have been missed by the histopathological examination. On the other hand, DSD may be aggravated by pelvic floor spasticity

that generally accompanies lower limb spasticity in paraplegic patients. UDI is essential in differentiating various urological disturbances that lead to the same clinical symptoms. In the

present study, UDI was performed after a mean disease duration of 22.2 years, which may be explained by the typically slow progression of HSP. Besides, the presence of some complaints

suggested specific UDI abnormalities that were verified. Indeed, increased frequency of micturition and nocturia were significantly associated with DO, reduced capacity and reduced

compliance, which is in line with the results of studies of central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury.20, 21 Otherwise, no association between the

remaining symptoms and UDI could be detected. Hence, HSP patients presenting a low urinary tract symptom should undergo a UDI to determine the exact micturition disturbances, initiate the

appropriate treatments and avoid complications. The presence of different urodynamic profiles might be related to different genetic forms of the disease and different sites of neurologic

lesions. However, this remains controversial because of the great variety of disorders having the same genetic basis, including intra-familial variations.22 Braschinsky _et al._3 reported

similar incidence of urinary dysfunction in both pure and complicated HSP clinical forms, with no difference between patients with or without SPG4 gene mutations in terms of prevalence,

character and severity of the neuro-urological complaints. Here, correlations between our findings and patients’ genetics could not be assessed for lack of genetic data in most patients.

Finally, urinary tract ultrasound examination did not reveal upper urinary tract complications after 22 years of mean follow-up. Moreover, low urinary tract complications were found in only

two patients, one of whom had the highest disease duration (49 years). The absence of these complications in the remaining 27 patients may be probably explained by the slow progression of

the disease. These findings suggest that HSP patients do not seem to have the same risk of developing upper urinary tract complications, as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis

populations, even in the presence of risk factors such as DO and DSD. However, unless long-term urinary outcome data are available in HSP patients, a long-term imagery follow-up remains

necessary to detect potential complications. This retrospective study has some limitations. Despite a substantial number of participants, the study lacks power because some subgroups were

too small to allow definitive conclusions. On the other hand, the upper urinary tract outcome was assessed only based on ultrasonography examination. The biological outcome (creatinine

clearance) was not available for all of the patients and was thus not analyzed. Moreover, the technical limitations inherent to the urodynamic evaluation should be kept in mind while

interpreting the results. To conclude, despite the interesting trends shown, the present work will add to the previous and will benefit from future studies to clarify urodynamic

abnormalities in HSP patients. Future studies may focus on the etiopathology and long-term outcomes of the disease. DATA ARCHIVING There were no data to deposit. REFERENCES * Salinas S,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank Jean Iwaz (PhD, Hospices Civils de Lyon) for his editorial assistance. AUTHOR INFORMATION AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS * INSERM, M Fourtassi, S

Jacquin-Courtois, J Luaute & G Rode * UMR-S 864, Bron, France M Fourtassi, S Jacquin-Courtois, J Luaute & G Rode * Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France M Fourtassi, S

Jacquin-Courtois, M C Scheiber-Nogueira, A Hajjioui, J Luaute, K Charvier & G Rode * Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation,

Saint-Genis-Laval, France M Fourtassi, S Jacquin-Courtois, J Luaute, K Charvier & G Rode * Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Service de Neuro-Urologie, Saint-Genis-Laval,

France M C Scheiber-Nogueira * Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, France D Maucort-Boulch * CNRS, D Maucort-Boulch * UMR 5558, Laboratoire Biostatistique Santé,

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INTERESTS The authors declare no conflict of interest. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS Reprints and permissions ABOUT THIS ARTICLE CITE THIS ARTICLE Fourtassi, M., Jacquin-Courtois, S.,

Scheiber-Nogueira, M. _et al._ Bladder dysfunction in hereditary spastic paraplegia: a clinical and urodynamic evaluation. _Spinal Cord_ 50, 558–562 (2012).

https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2011.193 Download citation * Received: 11 August 2011 * Revised: 29 December 2011 * Accepted: 29 December 2011 * Published: 31 January 2012 * Issue Date: July 2012

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currently available for this article. Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative KEYWORDS * bladder dysfunction * hereditary spastic paraplegia *

urodynamic study * detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia * detrusor overactivity