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In 2016, 64,000 people died from drug overdoses in the U.S., most of them due to opioids. That’s more than the number of Americans killed in the wars in Vietnam and Iraq combined. Three
factors led to those numbers, Nora Volkow, the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a part of the National Institutes of Health, said at the Spotlight Health Festival, which is
co-hosted by The Aspen Institute and _The Atlantic. _First, the epidemic was started by a healthcare system that sought to minimize pain and suffering. Physicians were taught that those with
pain wouldn’t get addicted to pain medication, she said. “Unfortunately, those beliefs were completely wrong,” she said. What it resulted in was “an overprescription of opioids,” Volkow
said. Second, Volkow said, this overprescription coincided with a massive flood of heroin in the 2000s from Mexico. Deaths from heroin overdoses had been consistent for years—about 2,000
people died of overdoses from the drug each year, but in 2016 that number spiked to 15,000. Thirdly, she said, heroin began to be laced by drug dealers with synthetic opioids, which are not
only relatively easy to produce, but also stronger than heroin. Fentanyl, for example, is 50 times more potent than heroin. Carfentanil, another synthetic opioid, is 500 times more potent
than heroin. Both synthetic opioids are pain relievers, but are also sold illegally as drugs. They are so powerful, Volkow said, that they get into the brain quickly. First responders are
often unable to save those who have overdosed. But what is it that made America so vulnerable to the proliferation of illicit opioids? One factor is the gradual decline of economic power in
parts of the country that were once the lifeblood of the economy. “We need to recognize the social [factor] of the opioid crisis,” Volkow said. Indeed, 2 million Americans are believed to be
addicted to prescription or illicit opioids. The Trump administration has made tackling the crisis a centerpiece of its domestic policy agenda, designating it as a national health
emergency. Many of the most-affected areas, which are also some of the most impoverished places, voted heavily for Trump in 2016. These areas tend to be rural, poor, and overwhelmingly
white, which brings up another aspect of the opioid crisis: It has disproportionately affected white Americans. Dr. Andrew Kolodny, co-director of the Opioid Policy Research Collaborative at
Brandeis University, told NPR last year that one reason for this is unconscious bias on the part of doctors who prescribe painkillers. “Something that we do know is that doctors prescribe
narcotics more cautiously to their non-white patients. It would seem that if the patient is black, the doctor is more concerned about the patient becoming addicted, or maybe they’re more
concerned about the patient selling their pills, or maybe they are less concerned about pain in that population,” Kolodny said. “But the black patient is less likely to be prescribed
narcotics, and therefore less likely to wind up becoming addicted to the medication. So what I believe is happening is that racial stereotyping is having a protective effect on non-white
populations.” ABOUT THE AUTHOR Krishnadev Calamur Krishnadev Calamur is a former senior editor at _The Atlantic_. He is the author of _Murder in Mumbai_.