As Americans ready themselves for the arrival of mosquitoes this summer, many may be wondering whether they are at risk for tropical diseases like Zika and whether climate change will raise

the risks of infection. My colleagues and I recently completed a study examining how projected changes in climate and human population may increase global exposure to the mosquito that

spreads these viruses: _Aedes aegypti_. We found that both climate change and human population change will play a part in driving future human exposure to _Aedes aegypti_ globally. In the

United States, specifically, warming temperatures from climate change mean that this disease-spreading mosquito will be increasingly abundant in the southern and eastern U.S. HUMAN-DEPENDENT

well: dengue viruses infect about 400 million people each year, chikungunya has been linked to chronic health problems such as arthritis and a new yellow fever outbreak in Angola has stoked

fears of imminent vaccine shortages. _Aedes aegypti_ is a particularly effective virus spreader because of its dependence on humans. While many mosquitoes prefer natural areas for breeding,

such as wetlands, _Aedes aegypti_ exploits artificial water-filled containers such as tires, buckets, barrels and stray trash for its aquatic life stages (egg, larvae and pupae). Such

containers are often found in backyards, meaning that when adult mosquitoes finally emerge, they are found in and near homes. And, while other mosquito species may be less picky about whom

they bite, _Aedes aegypti_ has a preference for humans. Climatic factors affect _Aedes aegypti_ in a number of ways. Warmer temperatures (up to a certain point) enable faster development

during the aquatic life stages, and greater survival rates at all life stages. Precipitation, which can be affected by climate change, provides water needed to complete aquatic life stages.

_Aedes aegypti_ is primarily found in warm, wet tropical and subtropical urban areas. However, it also can thrive in arid desert environments, particularly in areas where humans may store

water in barrels or cisterns during dry spells. The range of the mosquito expands and contracts seasonally in the United States, which is at the temperature-limited margin of its survival.

MODELING THE FUTURE Our study attempted to go beyond using climate change projections to explore how global warming may affect the future range of _Aedes aegypti_. This has been done before.

Instead, we sought to estimate how many humans may be exposed to the mosquito in the future, based on a new set of population projections as well as factors related to climate change. This

allowed us to forecast how many people will be exposed to _Aedes aegypti_ in the future and determine the relative roles of climate change and population growth. We first mapped the historic

range of _Aedes aegypti_ based on the different climate patterns in which the mosquito can survive, ranging from seasonal to a year-round presence. We used previously established

relationships between monthly temperature and precipitation and data on the actual presence and abundance of the mosquito. Next, we produced future maps of the _Aedes aegypti_ global

occurrence patterns for 2061-2080 using projections for air temperature and precipitation patterns. These models were derived from two plausible future scenarios for air pollution and

greenhouse gas pathways in the 21st century: one in which greenhouse gases are mitigated so that global average warming doesn’t exceed 2 degrees Celsius average temperature increase over

preindustrial levels and another in which greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow unchecked. Finally, we examined population growth for two different possible future socioeconomic

conditions. The “low vulnerability” scenario assumes improved living standards and falling birthrates in poorer countries, and another “high vulnerability” scenario has continued low living

standards and high birthrates in poorer countries. SEPARATING POPULATION FROM CLIMATE From the historical results, we estimated that 63 percent of the global population is presently exposed

to _Aedes aegypti_. To isolate climate change from population trends, we modeled how the level of exposure would change if population remained at historical levels (an unrealistic assumption

but useful for our projections). In this scenario, we found that the percentage of humans exposed to _Aedes aegypti_ would grow to 68-70 percent of the global population by 2061-2080,

depending on how much emissions rose. The projected changes were primarily driven by warming rather than changing rainfall patterns. Including population growth, the percentage of the

exposed global population would grow to 71-74 percent under the lower vulnerability socioeconomic pathway. Under the higher vulnerability pathway of continued low living standards and high

birthrates, we found 77-80 percent of global population would be exposed to _Aedes aegypti_. Not only would more humans be exposed under the higher-vulnerability pathway, but we found much

of the population growth would occur in urban slums in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics; these areas are ideal breeding grounds for _Aedes aegypti_ and have high virus

transmission potential. Importantly, the differences among the projections are driven mostly by uncertainty in how and where human populations may change, rather than uncertainty due to

different climate change scenarios. This result underscores how important it will be for the research community to continue improving socioeconomic projections, such as population growth.

PUBLIC HEALTH PREPARATION As always, the devil is in the details. For example, our analysis found wealthier regions that are the margins of the present-day range for _Aedes aegypti_ –

Australia, North America and Europe – would benefit the most from reducing greenhouse gases. Minimizing warming means changes to the mosquitoes’ range will also be minimized at these cool

margins. It is noteworthy that there are numerous limitations to the study. Specifically, there is uncertainty related to future emissions, future geopolitics, mosquito control practices,

human behavior, transportation networks and other competing mosquito species. Still, the implications for public health policymakers are that, all else equal, climate change and population

growth will likely increase the percentage of humans exposed to this important virus vector mosquito, including parts of the U.S. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions can make a dent. Improving

public health preparedness and response in the near term will build the capacity to deal with greater exposure in the future.